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Psych 1100 > Exam 3 Psych 1100 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Psych 1100 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

basic, primitive mental state corresponding to energies in environment; experience of world

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2
Q

Perception

A

mental state corresponding to properties of objects and events in environment; knowledge of world

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3
Q

Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies; the quality of sensation depends on…

A

which nerve fibers are stimulated- NOT the stimulus itself

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4
Q

What is light?

A

electromagnetic radiation

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5
Q

electromagnetic spectrum from shortest to longest wavelength (color)

A

short- blue, medium- green, long- red

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6
Q

the retina consists of

A

the rods and cones, bipolar cells ganglion cells, some others

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7
Q

What happens when light enters pupil

A

it then passes through eyeball to retina; through ganglia, bipolars and then eventually strikes receptors

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8
Q

optic nerve

A

bundle of axons of ganglion cells, leading out back of eye to brain (leaving blind spot)

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9
Q

Fovea

A

central depression in retina where cones are most densely packed- most acute vision

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10
Q

Rods

A

very sensitive; black/white light; night vision; mostly periphery (more rods than cones)

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11
Q

Cones

A

less sensitive, color; daytime vision; mostly in fovea (less than rods)

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12
Q

photoreceptors

A

light-sensitive neurons in the retina of the eye that produce action potential when stimulated by light

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13
Q

What are the two types of photoreception cells

A

rods and cones

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14
Q

what are the 3 types of cone cells

A

sensitive to different wavelengths of light; short-wavelength (sensitive to blue); medium wavelength (sensitive to green); long wavelength (sensitive to red)

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15
Q

The three types of cone cells send action potentials to…

A

opponent process cells

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16
Q

What are “opponent processes”

A

excitation and inhibition

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of opponent process cells in the visual system

A

black/white- excited- you see white; inhibited-you see black
red/green- excited- you see red; inhibited- you see green
blue/yellow- excited- you see blue; inhibited-you see yellow

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18
Q

trichromatic theory

A

all colors would be mixtures of blue, green, red based on the response of those cone types

but does not take into account afterimages or yellow

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19
Q

What is the current theory of how we see color?

A

opponent-process theory
- each responds to many wavelengths, but peak responses are at certain wavelengths

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20
Q

What happens to photoreceptor neurons when specific wavelengths hit them?

A

they change shape

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21
Q

Does the light itself have a color?

A

no

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22
Q

When cone cells get fatigued…

A

then the afterimage will be inhibited or excited

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23
Q

The cone cells do not respond to color, they respond to…

A

wavelength

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24
Q

black and white cells show…

A

how light or dark a color is

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25
Q

_____ of males do not have one cone type

A

5-8 percent

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26
Q

rod cells do not respond to red light, so they…

A

do not get fatigued by red light

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27
Q

Lateral Inhibition

A

when one neuron is firing more than neighboring neuron-> the excited neuron tries to inhibit the non-firing neuron (allows you to exaggerate a boundary like dark looking darker)

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28
Q

Where do we have the sharpest/ most detailed vision

A

fovea

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29
Q

a distal stimulus

A

something we see from farther away

30
Q

proximal stimulus

A

retinal image

31
Q

Retinal image

A

stimulation of receptors produces sensations of brightness and colors

32
Q

poverty of the stimulus

A

proximal stimulus (retinal image) is inadequate for knowing about distal stimulus

33
Q

Where does perception happen

A

brain

34
Q

What happens to an image when it is converted to a proximal stimulus

A

image is upside down and reversed

35
Q

3 factors of the poverty of the stimulus

A

inverted (upside down in retina); ambiguous (size and distance trade off); 2D (image flattened)

36
Q

Empiricists think that perception…

A

is learned; based on experience

37
Q

2 Empiricist ideas about perception

A

monocular depth cues and “unconscious inference”

38
Q

monocular depth cues

A

linear perspective (convergence pt is far away), interposition (nearer objects will occlude farther objects), relative size (nearer objects cast larger retinal images)

39
Q

linear perspective

A

convergence pt is far away (railroad)

40
Q

interposition

A

nearer objects will occlude farther objects

41
Q

relative size

A

nearer objects cast larger retinal images than farther objects (of same size)

42
Q

unconscious inference

A

best guess at what DISTAL stimulus PROBABLY caused the PROXIMAL stimulus (the retinal image); perception is always in the direction of the best inference

43
Q

infer distance of object

A

learned: points nearer to where lines converge are farther away; retinal image: object appears near to where lines converge

44
Q

A Nativist view (Gestalt) of perception would say

A

that we have INNATE laws of organization

45
Q

Principles of perception organization

A

grouping by proximity, grouping by similarity, good continuation, closure

46
Q

What is Apparent Motion: phi-phenomenon

A

stimulus present in two locations within short time interval is seen as one MOVING stimulus; no moving stimulus though- no sensations of movement

47
Q

The whole is ____ from the sum of the parts

A

different

48
Q

Trace consolidation

A

what goes on during elaborative rehearsal- a memory trace changes from dynamic to structural pattern (STM -> LTM)

49
Q

STM is

A

dynamic (pattern of activity among a group of cells)

50
Q

LTM is

A

structural (pattern of connections within a group of cells)

51
Q

Amnesia

A

interruption of consolidation process

52
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

for events BEFORE trauma (interrupted STM from going to LTM) (retro=past)

53
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

for events AFTER trauma ( cannot make new memories)

54
Q

Patient HM had what type of amnesia

A

anterograde

55
Q

Forgetting in STM is

A

displacement or decay

56
Q

forgetting in LTM is

A

misplacement or retrieval failure

57
Q

proactive interference

A

old info affects new info

58
Q

retroactive interference

A

new info affects old

59
Q

What kind of encoding would be most successful?

A

deeper processing leads to better memory; semantically

60
Q

Episodic memory

A

episodes, events with time and places

61
Q

Generic/ semantic memory

A

facts, concepts, meanings

62
Q

explicit memory

A

reference to prior learning experience

63
Q

implicit memory

A

no conscious awareness of remembering

64
Q

Does depth of processing matter for explicit or implicit?

A

explicit (implicit memory lasts longer)

65
Q

declarative

A

knowing that (mainly explicit)

66
Q

procedural

A

knowing how (mainly implicit)

67
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

caused by alcoholism and vitamin B deficiency

68
Q

Patient HM had what removed

A

his hippocampus and amygdala (obv affected memory)

69
Q

Brenda Milner

A

worked on HM’s case- made him trace a star backwards while in a mirror (HM has no memory of task through day but he still acquires the skill throughout the days)

70
Q

What did HM lose?

A

the ability of make new long term memories through trace consolidation (anterograde amnesia)

71
Q

Loftus and Palmar experiment

A

showed people slides of a car accident, asked how fast they thought they were going; some people were asked how fast when they hit each other and others were asked how fast when they smashed into each other; the word smash made that group more likely to remember the picture worse than it was

Psych 1100 (3 decks)

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