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Bio153 > Exam 3/Practicum 1 > Flashcards

Exam 3/Practicum 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell

A

Structural and functional unit of life

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2
Q

Plasma membrane consists of

A

Membrane lipids that form a flexible lipid bilayer

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3
Q

Lipid bilayer is made up of

A

75% phospholipids 5% glycolipids​ 20% cholesterol​

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4
Q

Phospholipids consists of two parts

A

Phosphate heads: are polar (charged), so are hydrophilic (water-loving)​ Fatty acid tails: are nonpolar (no charge), so are hydrophobic (water-hating)​

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5
Q

Glycolipids

A

Lipids with sugar groups on outer membrane surface​

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6
Q

Cholesterol

A

Increases membrane stability

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7
Q

Membrane proteins

A

Allow cell communication with environment

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8
Q

Integral proteins

A

Function as transport proteins (channels and carriers), enzymes, or receptors

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9
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

Enzymes​ and cell-to-cell connections

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10
Q

Membrane protein tasks

A

Transport, receptors for signal transduction, attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix, enzymatic activity, intercellular joining, cell to cell recognition

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11
Q
A

Transport

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12
Q
A

receptors for signal transduction

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13
Q
A

Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

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14
Q
A

Enzymatic activity

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15
Q
A

Intercellular joining

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16
Q
A

Cell to cell recognition

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17
Q

Tight junction

A

Protective layer - Keeps out bacteria and other things that are unwanted in the cell

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18
Q

Desmosomes

A

Allows flexibility (give) and hold it together

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19
Q

Gap junctions

A

Allow for rapid communication

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20
Q

Diffusion

A

Area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration​

Energy not required

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21
Q

Speed of diffusion

A

Size (small) and temperature (high)

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22
Q

Diffusion

A

The nonpolar, hydrophobic lipid core of plasma membrane blocks diffusion of most molecules​

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23
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Nonpolar lipid-soluble (hydrophobic) substances diffuse directly through phospholipid bilayer​

Examples: oxygen, carbon dioxide, fat-soluble vitamins

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24
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

transported passively down their concentration gradient by:​

Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion​

Channel-mediated facilitated diffusion​

Substances move through water-filled channels​

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25
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of a solvent, such as water, across a selectively permeable membrane

Water moves by osmosis from areas of low solute (high water) concentration to high areas of solute (low water) concentration​

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26
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A
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27
Q

Osmotic pressure

A
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28
Q

Tonicity

A

Ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering the cells’ internal water volume

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29
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Same osmolarity as inside the cell, so volume remains unchanged

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30
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Higher osmolarity than inside cell, so water flows out of cell, resulting in cell shrinking​

Shrinking is referred to as crenation

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31
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Lower osmolarity than inside cell, so water flows into cell, resulting in cell swelling​

Can lead to cell bursting, referred to as lysing​

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32
Q

Active Transport

A

Requires carrier proteins (solute pumps)​

Moves solutes against their concentration gradient (from low to high)​

This requires energy (ATP)​

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33
Q

Two types of active transport

A

Primary active transport​

Required energy comes directly from ATP hydrolysis​

Secondary active transport​

Required energy is obtained indirectly from ionic gradients created by primary active transport​

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34
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

A

Potassium in (high) - negative charge inside​

Sodium out (high)​

Pumps where it’s already highly concentrated

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35
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell eating

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36
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking

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37
Q

Voltage

A

Difference in electrical charge between two points

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38
Q

Resting membrane potential (RMP)

A

Electrical potential energy produced by separation of oppositely charged particles across plasma membrane in all cells

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39
Q

Compartmentalization

A

Separation

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40
Q

Mitochondria

A

“Power plant” of cells because they produce most of cell’s energy molecules (ATP)

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41
Q

Ribosomes​

A

Site of protein synthesis​

Made up of protein and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)​

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42
Q

Free ribosomes

A

Free floating

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43
Q

Membrane-bound ribosomes

A

Attached to membrane of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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44
Q

Rough ER

A

Site of synthesis of proteins that will be secreted from cell

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45
Q

Smooth ER

A

Lipid metabolism​

Absorption, synthesis, and transport of fats​

Detoxification of certain chemicals​

Converting of glycogen to free glucose​

Storage and release of calcium

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46
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and lipids received from rough ER

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47
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Detoxifying

Two main detoxifiers: oxidase and catalase​

Play a role in breakdown and synthesis of fatty acids

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48
Q

Lysosomes

A

Digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases)

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49
Q

Centrosome

A

Cell center

Generates microtubules; organizes mitotic spindle (for cell division or mitosis)​

Consisting of centrioles — microtubular (churros)

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50
Q

Cilia

A

Whiplike, motile extensions on surfaces of certain cells

Thousands of cilia work together in sweeping motion to move substances (example: mucus) across cell surfaces in one direction

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51
Q

Flagella

A

Longer extensions that propel the whole cell

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52
Q

Microvilli

A

fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane used to increase surface area for absorption​

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53
Q

Chromatin​

A

Consists of 30% threadlike strands of DNA, 60% histone proteins, and 10% RNA​

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54
Q

Chromosomes

A

Condensed chromatin

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55
Q

Interphase

A

Cell grows and carries on ​its usual activities

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56
Q

Cell division

A

Cell splits into two

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57
Q

S Phase - Synthesis

A

Replicate DNA

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58
Q

DNA replication

A

RNA starts replication by laying down short strand that acts as a primer​

DNA polymerase attaches to primer and begins adding nucleotides to form new strand​

End result: two identical “daughter” DNA molecules are formed from the original

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59
Q

Semiconservative replication

A

Each new double-stranded DNA is composed of one old strand and one new strand​

60
Q

M Phase - Mitosis

A

Prophase​

Metaphase​

Anaphase​

Telophase​

61
Q

Prophase

A

Early prophase: chromosomes become visible and centrosomes separate and migrate toward opposite poles​, mitotic spindles and asters form​

Late prophase​: nuclear envelope breaks up​

62
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes are lined up at cell’s equator​

63
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromosomes split

64
Q

Telophase

A

Cell starts to split

65
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Two daughter cells PINCHED apart

66
Q

Nitrogen bases

A

Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine

67
Q

RNA

A

“go-between” molecule that links DNA to proteins​

RNA copies the DNA code in nucleus, then carries it into cytoplasm to ribosomes

68
Q

Three types of RNA:

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)​

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) ​

Transfer RNA (tRNA)​

69
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

Code is copied with complementary base pairs - transcription

70
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

Structural component of ribosomes

71
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNAs)

A

Carrier of amino acids​ - Translation

72
Q

Transcription

A

DNA information coded in mRNA

Transferring code held in DNA gene base sequence to complementary base sequence of mRNA​

73
Q

Translation

A

mRNA decoded to assemble polypeptides​

Step of protein synthesis where the language of nucleic acids (base sequence) is translated into the language of proteins (amino acid sequence)​

74
Q
A
75
Q

Complimentary Base Pairs

A

A-U​

G-C​

Comes in triplets then turns into codons in mRNA​

AUG is start codon – beginning in mRNA​

UAC is start anticodon - beginning in tRNA

76
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of cells similar in structure that perform common or related function

77
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

78
Q

Four basic tissue types:

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue

79
Q

Polarity

A

Top and bottom

80
Q

Apical surface

A

Upper free side, is exposed to surface or cavity​

Some have specialized projections called microvilli

81
Q

Basal surface

A

Lower attached side, faces inwards toward body​

Attaches to basal lamina, an adhesive sheet that holds basal surface of epithelial cells to underlying cells​

82
Q

Epithelial Tissues​

A

No blood vessels, supplied by nerve vessels

Covering a surface or lines the vessel of an inner tube

high regenerative capacities​

83
Q

Simple epithelia

A

Single layer

84
Q

Stratified epithelia

A

Two or more layers

85
Q

Squamous

A

Flattened and scale-like​

86
Q

Cuboidal

A

Box-like, cube​

87
Q

Columnar

A

Tall, column-like

88
Q

Apical layer

A

Top, free edge

89
Q

Gland

A

One or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid called a secretion

90
Q

Endocrine

A

Internally secreting (example: hormones)

91
Q

Exocrine

A

Externally secreting (example: sweat)​

92
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Ductless glands​

93
Q

Unicellular exocrine glands

A

Mucous cells and goblet cells

94
Q

Connective tissue

A

Connective tissue proper​

Cartilage​

Bone ​

Blood

95
Q

All connective tissues have three main elements​

A

Ground substance​

Fibers​

Cells

96
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Ground substance​

Fibers

97
Q

Connective tissue fibers​

A

Collagen – thick purple​

Elastic – medium red​

Reticular – small blue

98
Q

“Blast” cells

A

Immature form of cell that actively secretes ground substance and ECM fibers ​

Fibroblasts found in connective tissue proper​

Chondroblasts found in cartilage​

Osteoblasts found in bone​

Hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow

99
Q

Fat cells​

A

Store nutrients

100
Q

White blood cells​

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes​

Tissue response to injury

101
Q

Mast cells​

A

Initiate local inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms they detect

102
Q

Macrophages​

A

Phagocytic cells that “eat” dead cells, microorganisms; function in immune system

103
Q

Four main classes of connective tissue:​

A

Connective tissue proper​

Cartilage​

Bone ​

Blood​

104
Q

Covering and Lining Membranes​

A

Composed of an epithelium bound to underlying connective tissue proper layer

105
Q

Three types of membranes

A

Cutaneous membranes​

Mucous membranes​

Serous membranes

106
Q

Repair can occur in two major ways:​

A

Regeneration and Fibrosis

107
Q

Regeneration

A

Same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue, so original function is restored​

108
Q

Fibrosis

A

Connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue, and original function lost​

109
Q
A
110
Q
A
111
Q
A
112
Q
A
113
Q
A
114
Q
A
115
Q
A
116
Q
A
117
Q
A
118
Q
A
119
Q
A
120
Q

Frontal, Median, Transverse planes

A
121
Q
A

Prophase

122
Q
A

Metaphase

123
Q
A

Anaphase

124
Q
A

Telophase

125
Q

Four Basic Tissue Types and Basic Functions​

A

Epithelial tissue – covering​

Connective tissue – support​

Muscle tissue – movement ​

Nervous tissue – control

126
Q
A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Location: alveoli of lung​

Function: diffusion and filtration

127
Q
A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium​

Location: kidney tubules​

Function: secretion and absorption​

128
Q
A

Simple Columnar Ephithelium​

Location: digestive tract​

Function: secretion of mucous/absorption ​

129
Q
A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium​

Location: trachea​

Function: produces and moves mucous​

130
Q
A

Stratified squamous epithelium​

Location: epidermis of skin​

Function: protects from abrasion​

131
Q
A

Transitional epithelium​

Location: urinary Bladder​

Function: stretches​

132
Q
A

Arreolar​

Location: under epithelial tissue throughout body​

Function: wraps and cushions organs​

133
Q
A

Adipose (fat – lipid)​

Location: fat​

Function: energy storage, insulation, and protection​

134
Q
A

Dense Regular​

Location: tendons​

Function: connects muscle to bone

135
Q
A

Elastic​

Location: aorta​

Function: recoils if stretched ​

136
Q

Three types of cartilage: ​

A

Hyaline cartilage​

Elastic cartilage​

Fibrocartilage​

137
Q

Hyaline cartilage​

A

Hyaline cartilage​

Most abundant; “gristle”​

Appears as shiny bluish glass​

Found at tips of long bones, nose, trachea, larynx, and cartilage of the ribs​

138
Q

Elastic cartilage​

A

Similar to hyaline but with more elastic fibers​

Found in ears and epiglottis​

139
Q

Fibrocartilage​

A

Properties between hyaline and dense regular tissue​

Strong, so found in areas such as intervertebral discs and knee​

140
Q
A

Firbocartilage​

Location: intervertebral discs​

Function: shock absorber​

141
Q
A

Bones​

Location: bones​

Function: supports, protects, allows movement by muscle​

142
Q
A

Blood​

Location: blood vessel​

Function: transports gases and nutrients​

143
Q
A

Skeletal Muscle​

Location: skeletal muscles​

Function: voluntary movement​

144
Q
A

Cardiac Muscle​

Location: heart​

Function: pumps blood​

145
Q
A

Smooth Muscle​

Location: hollow organs​

Function: involuntary movement of substances​

146
Q
A

Bio153 (9 decks)

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