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Exam 3 physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

Supports circulatory system by cleaning fluids and replacing them in the blood stream
Helps fight infection throughout the body

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2
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White blood cells make up 1% of total blood volume, and function in defense against disease

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3
Q

What are the lymph nodes?

A

Cleanse the lymph as it is transported back inot the bloodstream, lymph nodes act as a filter.
Immune system activation, they are strategically placed in sites where lymphocyte’s encounter antigens and are activated to mount

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4
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Red blood cells, constitutes roughly of 45% of total blood volume of blood sample, help in carrying oxygen through hemoglobin

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5
Q

What does low RBCs indicate?

A

Anemia

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6
Q

What is erthropoietin?

A

hormone that stimulates formation of RBCs

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7
Q

Where are erythropoietin’s formed and how are they released?

A

formed in the kidney, an released by kidneys in response to hypoxia?

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8
Q

What are platelets?

A

They are thrombocytes, which form temporary platelet plug to help seal breaks

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9
Q

What does fibrin protein do?

A

clot is plugged up to begin healing

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10
Q

What are 3 steps of Hemostasis?

A
  1. Vascular spasm - BV injury responds with vasoconstriction to reduce blood flow
  2. Platelet plug formation - platelets stick to collagen fibers that are exposed when vessel is damaged
  3. Coagulation - Reinforcing platelet plug with fibrin threads
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11
Q

What is blood?

A

only fluid tissue in the human body
classified as a connective tissue

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of blood?

A

Oxygen rich blood is scarlet red and oxygen poor blood is dull red

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13
Q

What must the pH remain between?

A

7.35-7.45

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14
Q

What is acidosis and alkalosis?

A

Acidosis is when the pH is below 7.35
Alkalosis is when the pH is above 7.45

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15
Q

How does blood maintain its homeostasis?

A

Respiratory system and kidneys helps restore blood pH to normal

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16
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

Iron containing protein
Binds strongly but reversibly, to oxygen

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17
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Process of blood cell formation occurring in the red bone marrow, which is stimulated by the kidneys

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18
Q

What does hemostatic imbalance of RBCs cause?

A

Anemia is a decrease in the oxygen carrying ability of the blood

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19
Q

What is the Primary Respiratory control center?

A

Medulla oblongata and Pons(in brainstem)

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20
Q

What do chemoreceptors sense?

A

Increase in CO2

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21
Q

What is rate and depth of breathe controlled by?

A

Nervous system

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22
Q

What is Boyles Law?

A

relationship between pressure and volume
At a constant temperature the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume

23
Q

What is Inspiration and Expiration?

A

Inspiration is active process involving inspiratory muscles
Expiration is a passive process

24
Q

What are 3 factors that affect Pulmonary Ventilation?

A
  1. Airway Resistance - make breathing more difficult
  2. Alveolar Surface Tension - liquid that surrounds all the alveoli
  3. Lung Compliance - measure how much “Stretch” the lung can do
25
What is Tidal Volume?
Amount of air exchanged with quiet inspiration and expiration - 500ml air
26
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
How much air you can breathe in above total volume - 3000ml air
27
What is expiratory reserve?
How much you can forcefully exhale - 1000 in males 800 in females
28
What is Residual volume?
volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum respiration
29
What is Functional Residual Capcity?
volume of air in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration ERV + RV 1.7-3.5L
30
What is total lung capacity?
Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after a max inspiratory TV + IRV + ERV + RV = 6LITERS
31
What are blood vessels?
delivery system of dynamic structures that begins and ends at the heart
32
What are Arteries?
Carry blood away from the heart, oxygenated except for the pulmonary circulation
33
What do capillaries do?
direct contact with tissues cell, directly serve cellular needs
34
What do veins do?
Carry blood toward the heart, deoxygenated except for pulmonary circulation
35
What is blood flow?
Volume of blood flowing through vessel, organ, or entire circulation in given period
36
What is resistance (peripheral resistance)?
opposition to flow, vasoconstriction vessel becomes smaller, increase friction, make blood flow harder
37
What is Extrinsic control and Intrinsic?
Extrinsic control - sympathetic nervous system Intrinsic control - means it is at the level of the organ
38
What are 3 Blood flow resistance?
1. Blood viscosity - thickness or stickiness increasing resistance making it harder for blood to flow 2. Total blood vessel length - the longe the vessel, the more the resistance is 3. Blood vessel diameter - small the diameter, increase of resistance
39
What is the main Heart Conduction system?
Sinoatrial (SA) node - right ventricle regulates the heart rate, how fast and how hard
40
What do the hormones in the regulation of heart rate do?
Epinephrine from adrenal medulla increases heart rate and contractility Thyroxine increased heart rate
41
What ions must be controlled from normal heart function?
Intra- and extracellular ion concentration Ca2+ and K+ must be maintained
42
What is electrocardiogram?
graphic recording of electrical activity
43
What are the 2 mechanical events of the heart?
Systole - period of heart contraction(depolarization) Diastole - period of hear relaxation (repolarization)
44
What is cardiac cycle?
blood flow through heart during one complete heartbeat(3 pahses of cardiac cycle) 1. Heart relaxed
45
What are 2 steps in the cardiac cycle?
1. Ventricular filling - process of blood filling the ventricle of the heart occurring during diastole End diastolic volume(EDV): volume of blood in each ventricle at end of ventricular diastole 2. Ventricular Systole - period of contractions of ventricles End Systolic Vol (ESV): volume of blood remaining in each ventricle after systole
46
What is Cardiac output?
amount of blood pumped in one ventricle in one contraction
47
What is stroke volume?
amount of blood ejected from one ventricle in 1 contraction
48
What is preload?
degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle fiber at the end of diastole
49
What is Contractility?
How hard does the heart have to beat in response to electrical impulses
50
What is after load?
resistance of blood in the ventricle that the ventricle has to overcome to get rid of the blood, determined by peripheral resistance
51
What is Franks Starlings Law?
the heart pumps out more blood with each beat when it is filled with more blood, because the stretch heart muscles fibers contract more forcefully
52
What helps the short term regulation:neural control?
Baroreceptors detecting change's in blood pressure and mean arterial pressure Hypothalamus increase blood pressure during stress
53
What helps the short term regulation:hormonal control?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal gland increase Cardiac output and cause vasoconstriction increasing blood pressure Antidiuretic hormone(ADH) causes retention of water increasing blood volume and increasing blood pressure

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