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Geology II > Exam 3: Part Two > Flashcards

Exam 3: Part Two Flashcards

1
Q

At the end of the Paleozoic era, what was a major event that happened?

A

Global mass extinction

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2
Q

What are two reasons the end of the Paleozoic is important?

A
  1. Reveals causes of mass extinction
  2. Leads to new kinds of life appearing, like dinosaurs
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3
Q

When did the supercontinent Pangea come together?

A

Late Paleozoic era (end of Pennsylvanian)

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4
Q

How did Pangea affect life (2 things)?

A
  1. Appalachian Mountains blocked rain from reaching the land
  2. Coal swamps are replaced by deserts (very dry climate)
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5
Q

What evidence is there for deserts in Pangea (3 things)?

A
  1. Sandstone in the cliffs
  2. Sand dune cross bedding that shows movement of sand over time
  3. Coloring= intense red color, very dry climate
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6
Q

T or F: Not all vertebrates lay their eggs in water.

A

True

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7
Q

What type of animals are amniotic eggs found in?

A

Reptiles, birds, and some mammals

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8
Q

The end of the Paleozoic era is also the end of the ______ period, which was ____ million years ago.

A

Permian; 252

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9
Q

every single member of a species dies

A

extinction

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10
Q

when many species go extinct around the same time

A

mass extinction

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11
Q

What are the Big 5 Mass Extinctions in Earth’s History?

A
  1. Ordovician Period
  2. One during Devonian
  3. One at the end of Permian
  4. End of Triassic
  5. End of Cretaceous
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12
Q

When did the biggest mass extinction in Earth’s history happen? What do geologists think caused this extinction?

A
  • End of Permian; “Permian-Triassic Mass Extinction”
  • Huge volcanic eruptions in Northern Asia
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13
Q

During the Permian-Triassic Mass Extinction, up to ___% of ocean species go extinct

A

95%

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14
Q

How did the Permian-Triassic Mass Extinction affect the following:
1. CO2
2. Global Temperature
3. Oxygen

A
  1. CO2: Increases
  2. Global Temp: Increases
  3. Oxygen: Decreases
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15
Q

What three periods does the Mesozoic era include?

A
  1. Triassic
  2. Jurassic
  3. Cretaceous
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16
Q

Is there life after Mass Extinctions?

A

Yes, bc if there were extinctions and we’re still here today, there must have been life after.

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17
Q

T or F: Groups that were dominant before a mass extinction are often rare or extinct after. (like things that were common, diverse, etc.)

A

True

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18
Q

a group of reptiles that include crocodilians, dinosaurs, and birds

A

archosaurs

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19
Q

What advantage did archosaurs have for surviving the Permian-Triassic extinction?

A

They have complex, efficient lungs that allow survival with less oxygen.

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20
Q

What were the first flying vertebrates?

A

pterosaurs (“pterodactyls”)

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21
Q

How was the environment and rocks during the Triassic period?

A

Seasonally dry, red rocks

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22
Q

What happened during the end of Triassic period?

A

One of the Big 5 Mass Extinctions; wiped out other archosaurs and helped dinosaurs become “big”)

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23
Q

What are dinosaur bones like?

A

Hollow, which is very bird-like –> points to their being a bird-like lung in dinosaurs

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24
Q

How long did dinosaurs last (how many years)?

A

160-170 million years long

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25
Q

How do we define dinosaurs? Are they all big, scaly, and extinct?

A

Dinosaurs are defined by their place on the reptile evolutionary tree. (they are a diverse group of reptiles)
They are not defined by size, scales, and being extinct.

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26
Q

If you include birds in the dinosaur group, the smallest dinosaur ever was a _________ _______.

A

bumblebee hummingbird

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27
Q

How can we recognize a dinosaur? (what’s in common with all dinosaurs)

A

All dinosaurs have a hole in the hip joint.

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28
Q

How can you determine what dinosaurs ate?

A

By looking at dinosaur teeth

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29
Q

What are the 3 major dinosaur groups?

A
  1. Ornithischians
  2. Sauropods
  3. Theropods
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30
Q

Which group of dinosaurs were two-legged meat eaters?

A

Theropods (ex: T-Rex)

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31
Q

What are two connections between birds and theropods?

A
  • Both walk on two legs
  • Both had feathers
32
Q

What is Alabama’s only theropod egg called?

A

Ornithomimus

33
Q

Which group of dinosaurs included the largest land animals of all time? What was special about their bodies that helped them get so big?

A
  • Sauropods (ex: Brachiosaurus)
  • Had long necks which helped them reach food high up in trees or low down in ground
34
Q

What did sauropods eat?

A

plants

35
Q

What did theropods eat?

A

mostly meat, some ate plants

36
Q

Which group of dinosaurs chewed their food?

A

Ornithischians (ex: Triceratops)

37
Q

What group of dinosaurs are most diverse in body size and shape?

A

Ornithischians

38
Q

Do paleontologists consider birds to be dinosaurs? Why or why not?

A

Yes, because birds share many characteristics with their dinosaur ancestors, including feathers, wishbones, and hollow bones.

39
Q

In what period was the earliest sign of birds (first birds showed up)

A

Jurassic

40
Q

Birds come from _____ ancestors.

A

theropod (the two-legged meat-eaters)

41
Q

What evidence indicates that some dinosaurs had feathers?

A

Evidence from feathers that were carbonized (fossilized feathers)

42
Q

What is one example of a feathered theropod?

A

Microraptor

43
Q

There have been carbonized feathers found in ocean ____ in Alabama.

A

shale

44
Q

What are the three functions of feathers?

A
  1. Insulation (warmth)
  2. Display (like a peacock)
  3. Flight
45
Q

What goes extinct at the end of the Mesozoic?

A

All non-bird theropods

46
Q

What did Archaeopteryx have in common with modern birds and what did it shared with non-bird dinosaurs?

A
  • In common with modern birds: feathers, wishbone, beak-like jaw
  • Shared with non-bird dinosaurs: teeth, a long bony tail, clawed fingers on its wings
47
Q

When did the supercontinent Pangea begin breaking up? Why do we look at the ages of the oceanic crust to understand the timing of the break up?

A
  • During the Triassic period
  • Because new oceanic crust forms at mid-ocean ridges as plates move apart (younger rocks in middle of ocean, older rocks at edges of ocean)
48
Q

What are three reasons why the Mesozoic era is important?

A
  1. Shaping modern landscapes (Rocky Mountains)
  2. Climate and oceans (global temps and sea levels were very different back then)
  3. Energy resources (oil and gas)
49
Q

T or F: North America is one of the last continents to join Pangea, and the first to leave (move away).

A

True

50
Q

During the Paleozoic, North America was moving east, but when Pangea broke up, North America moved _____.

A

west

51
Q

What is the connection between the break-up of Pangea and the rise of the Rocky Mountains in North America?

A

North America moved west during the break-up of Pangea → caused the Rocky Mountains to form.

52
Q

What are the two main types of rocks found in rift valleys?

A
  1. Lava flows (volcanoes create lava flows; ex: Mt. Kilimanjaro)
  2. Immature sediment (because it’s more inland and had less time to deposit; hasn’t gone far from the source)
53
Q

What types of rocks are found in rift valleys in eastern North America?

A

igneous rocks

54
Q

During the ______ period, North America was completely torn apart from Pangea. What does this create?

A

Jurassic; creates new oceans

55
Q

What is the connection between the break-up of Pangea and the formation of the Gulf of Mexico?

A

As the North American plate moved away from the South American Plate, a rift formed, which led to the opening of the Gulf of Mexico.

56
Q

North America being pulled apart from Africa created what ocean?

A

Atlantic Ocean

57
Q

If the Atlantic Ocean began spreading in the Jurassic, where should we find Jurassic rocks in the oceanic crust?

A

At the edges of the ocean

58
Q

T or F: Ages of cooled magma chambers can give insight into precautions needed for future eruptions and what drives subduction during the Mesozoic.

A

True

59
Q

_____ rocks show Mesozoic subduction.

A

Igneous

60
Q

Where are dinosaurs likely to become fossilized and found because conditions there are good for fossilization?

A

Middle of North America, where there is Cretaceous sediment (Rocky Mountains)

61
Q

How did the global temperature and sea level of the Cretaceous period (the last part of the Mesozoic) compare to today?

A
  • Global temp: very warm climate; much hotter than it is today
  • Sea level: since there were no glaciers, there were much higher sea levels compared to today.
62
Q

How do the continents look at the end of the Mesozoic compared to today?

A

They look very similar to continents today.

63
Q

What was underwater during the Cretaceous period?

A

North America

64
Q

Oil and natural gas are energy resources from what type of rocks?

A

Marine sedimentary rocks

65
Q

What evidence is there that the sea levels were high and continents were underwater during the Cretaceous period?

A

Marine rocks (especially limestone) on continents

66
Q

What environment produces limestone? What type of water does this place need?

A
  • Coral reefs
  • Warm, tropical water
67
Q

A majority of oil comes from _______ rocks.

A

Mesozoic

68
Q

T or F: : areas that were underwater in the Mesozoic are some of the best oil producing places today.

A

true

69
Q

How do oil and natural gas form? In what environment?

A
  • Form from biological remains (dead sea creatures)
  • Form in ancient oceans
70
Q

What is the difference between oil and natural gas?

A
  • Oil (or petroleum): is a liquid
  • Natural gas: is naturally a gas (not gasoline; like air (ex: propane))
71
Q

What is a similarity between oil and coal?

A

Both made from dead remains

72
Q

What place is a big oil producing area?

A

The Gulf of Mexico

73
Q

Cretaceous sea level reached up to ___ meters (820 feet) higher than today.

A

250

74
Q

How did this ancient sea level (Cretaceous period) affect the Great Plains and coastal plain of North America? How do we know?

A
  • Both the Great Plains and coastal plain were underwater.
  • Evidence: lots of horizontal (flat) sedimentary rock layers in these regions.
75
Q

How did the Cretaceous sea level affect Alabama’s geology and soils?

A
  • Soil: Alabama was 2/3 underwater, which made it an area of nutrient-rich marine sediments that supports farming. (Sediment deposited made soil very fertile)
  • Geology: Cretaceous period formed the Selma Chalk Formation in Alabama, which contains many fossils of marine organisms.
76
Q

T or F: ocean sedimentary rocks are extremely valuable for farming)

A

true

77
Q

ancient shoreline (basically the limit of where these cretaceous sedimentary rocks were deposited)

A

“fall line”

Geology II (13 decks)

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