Exam 3 Notes Flashcards
Ch.8-11
The Crusades were wars sponsored by the papacy for the recovery of
Jerusalem from the Muslims
How did English common law differ from the general legal practices in Europe?
Common law relied heavily on precedent, diminishing the importance of written law codes
How was justice administered in the Holy Roman Empire?
in multiple levels, depending on the crime committed
What role did the sheriffs play in English goverence?
sheriffs collected taxes, apprehended and tried criminals, and raised troops
By 1350, how large was Roman Catholic Europe compared to its size in 950?
double the size
Which asset of the Crusader army that traveled to the Holy Land in 1096 was most notable?
the religious zeal of its members
What statement best characterizes the impact of the Crusades on Jewish-Christian relations?
the Crusaders were catastrophic for Jewish-Christian relations
Which debate was the central issue in the conflict between Henry II and Thomas Becket?
whether church officials were subject to royal courts
Which principle did the Magna Carta come to signify?
even the king and his government are subject to the law
Philip II of France was given the title Augustus because of his success in
vastly extending the territory of his realm
Which archbishop of Canterbury died because of the conflict over the judicial reforms of King Henry II and church law?
Becke
Why did Otto I select the city of Aachen for his coronation as emperor?
to signify his goal of continuing Charlemagne’s legacy and to demonstrate the papacy’s support for his rule
How did middle-class city dwellers in Europe benefit from the Crusades?
they lent money to nobles to participate in the Crusades, and then seized the nobles’ lands if they could not repay the loans or failed to return
The Lateral Council of 1059 decreed that the authority to elect the pope rested with
the college of cardinals
The permanent legacy of the Crusades includes the deep bitterness between Christians and Muslims and
continued and flourishing commercial contact between Europeans and Muslims
How did officials seek to ensure that witnesses gave truthful testimony?
they made witnesses hand over cash or goods as a surety that their testimony was honest
The conflict between pope Gregory VII and Holy Roman emperor Henry IV concerned whether
church officials were appointed by the crown or by the pope
Which fundamental principle formed the basis of French administration?
Officials’ authority should come from their connection to the monarchy, not from personal wealth or local relationships
After the Albigensian crusade, how did the papacy continue to root out heresy?
it established inquisitions to seek out suspected heretics
The first sign of medieval monastic reform came in 909, when William the Pious, duke of Aquitaine, established
the Burgundian monastery of Cluny
Why were Jews persecuted during and after the Crusades?
many lent money to Crusaders
The record of William the Conqueror’s survey of England is known as
the Domesday Book
In the early Middle Ages, noble status was generally
limited to a very few families
Which definition best describes the curia?
the papal bureaucracy and court of law
Which statement was true of the clergy prior to 1000?
they were many married priests
Why did Frederick II establish the University of Naples?
to train administrators to serve in his bureaucracy
Who ordered the creation of the Domesday Book?
William the Conqueror
How did the realms of England and France differ by the early 12th century
the king in England ruled over a unified realm, but the kingdom of France consisted of virtually independent provinces
How did the Battle of Legnano mark a military milestone?
an army of mounted knights was handily beaten by an army composed primarily of infantry
With the defeat of the Muslims in central regions of the Iberian Peninsula, how was the society of the region transformed?
muslims were expelled, and immigrants from across Christian Europe were recruited to come to the region
Which monastic military order was founded in Jerusalem in 1119?
Knights Templars
What case would be heard by a court dealing with canon law?
annulment of a marriage
