Exam 3 - Neuro Flashcards
Two parts of CNS? Two parts of PNA?
CNS=Brain + Spinal Cord
PNS=Cranial Nerves, Spinal Nerves
Three parts of a neuron? Primary role?
Soma (body), axon, dendrite. Primary communication cell.
Four types of Neuroglia cells? What does ‘glia’ mean?
Glia=nerve glue
- Astroglia
- Oligodendroglia
- Ependymoglia
- Microglia
What is Astroglia? What barrier does it make? Wrapped around what?
Connective tissue of the brain. Part of BBB. Wrapped around blood vessels.
What do Oligodendroglia do? To how many?
Myelinate. Each Oligodendroglia can myelinate multiple neurons/axons.
What roles do the Ependymal cells have? Line what?
Line of ventricles. CSF secretory and absorptions role.
What do Microglia do?
Signaling and remove debris.
Where are Schwann cells? Role?
In PNS. Myelinate single axon. (Vs Oligodendrocytes which myelinate multiple axons.)
Describe Gyri and Sulci.
Ridges or folds of cortex. Sulci separate Gyri.
What separates Gyri?
Sulci
What is a Fissure?
Large and deep Sulci
What do Gyri and Sulci allow?
Increased surface area
What is White Matter?
Myelinated nerve fibers that communicate between regions of the CNS
What is a Fascisulus? What type/color of matter?
White matter. Bundles or tracts of fibers. EX: Arcuate Fasciculus
What are Commisures? What color/type of matter?
Connects right and left hemispheres. White matter. Ex: Corpus collosum
What are Projection Fibers? Color/type?
Connect Cortex with lower portions of CNS. White matter.
What are Afferent and Efferent Projection Fibers?
Afferent Projection Fibers: Input from spinal cord to brain
Efferent Projection Fibers: Output from brain to spinal cord
What are Association Fibers? Color/type?
Connections regions of within same hemisphere. Ex: Sensory to motor regions. White matter.
What does Gray Matter contain?
Cell bodies and neurons
How is Gray Matter arranged?
In Columns
What does Brodmann’s Classification do?
Identify functional regions of the cortex
What are the three general areas of the cortex? What does each do?
- Primary Area-“raw” sensory input or motor output
- Secondary Area- gives meaning to primary sensory area
- Association Area- gives meaning to sensory information “unimodal”
What is Area 4 of the Frontal Lobe? Specially referred to as what?
Primary motor area. Contralateral voluntary movement- right side of brain controls left side of body.
Referred to as “homunculus”.
What would a lesion on Area 4 result in?
Paresis of Plegia on contralateral side.
Paresis=Spacticity, too much tone
Plegia=complete less of use
Define Paresis and Plegia
Paresis=Spacticity, too much tone
Plegia=complete less of use
What is Area 6 of the Frontal Lobe? What area does it mainly work with?
Pre-Motor Area. Prepared and selects primary motor area (area 4). Creates instructions for complex motor movement.
What would lesion to Area 6 look like?
Inability to plan, sequence, or perform purposeful movements. Contralateral apraxia.
Define Apraxia and Ataxia
Apraxia=Unable to execute purposeful LEARNED voluntary motor movements due to lesion in Area 6 or parietal input
Ataxia=uncoordinated voluntary movement, more in cerebellum
What is Gait Apraxia?
Diminished ability to perform learned movement of walking/standing
What is Area 8 of the Frontal Lobe control?
Frontal eye field. Moving eyes together with percision to avoid double vision.
Conjugate/lateral and opposite direction movements of eyes.
What do destructive and irritative lesions of Area 8 look like?
Destructive=Eyes deviate toward side of lesion
Irritative=eyes deviate away from lesion, like in seizure
What is the relationship between dominant hemisphere and handedness?
Opposite relationship.
Right handed=left hemisphere dominant
Left handed=right hemisphere dominant
What are Areas 44,45 responsible for and called?
Speech. Called Brochas.
What does Dominant 44,45 control? What does Non-Dominant 44,45 control?
Dominant 44,45=Mechanics of words being spoken
Non-dominant 44,45=”Creative” speech like tone, pitch, intonation
Lesion to Dominant 44,45 results in?
Aphasia. Can’t speak.
Define Aphasia, Dysarthria, and Dysphagia
Aphasia=acquired impairment of comprehension/production of language
Dysarthria=difficult to control tongue to produce words
Dysphagia=difficulty in motor control of swallowing
Lesion of Non-Dominant 44,45 results can result in what condition?
Motor Dysprosody=no expression in speech
Area 9-12, 46, and 47 are called what? What controls?
Prefrontal Area. Higher order intellectual action/function.
Areas 10, 11, and 12 are which “classic” area? What controls?
“Classic” Prefontal Area. Controls social behavior and filters raw emotions to be ‘appropriate’.
Areas 9, 46, and 47 are which “classic” area? What controls?
“Classic” Motor Association Area. Main junction area for motor planning with input from all systems. Final processing area for voluntary movements before motor instructions sent to premotor area.
What does lesion of Areas 10-12 Prefrontal area look like?
Personality changes. Apathetic, being inappropriate, perseveration on single topic, poor task focus
What does lesion of Areas 9,46,47 “classic” motor area area look like?
Contralateral motor apraxia (decreased purposeful movements)
What is Akinetic Mutism? What areas involved?
Involve bilateral frontal lobe lesion. Lack any motivation to move or speak.
Define Akinesia, Mutism, Peseveration, and Apathy
Akinesia=lack of movement
Mutism=lack of speech
Perseveration=persist on single topic
Apathy=lack of interest, indifference
Areas 3,1,2 are on which lobe? What area and function?
Pariteal lobe. Somatosensory area. Detects incoming somatosensory info from body/periphery.
What does a lesion on Area 3,1,2 Somarosensory look like?
Contralateral somatosensory loss and contralateral anethesia (loss of sensation).
Define Analgesia, Anesthesia, and Parasthesia
Analgesia=inability to detect pain (nociception)
Anesthesia=loss of sensation
Parasthesia=distorted/abnormal detection of sensation
Areas 5,7 on which lobe? Called what and what function?
Parietal lobe. Somatosensory association area. Gives meaning to incoming sensory information.
EX: Feeling keys in pocket and know they are keys.
What does Lesion to Dominant Areas 5,7 look like? (hint: 3 terms)
Somatosensory agnosia, astereoagnosia, and agraphesthesia.
Agnosia=less of sensory interpretation. loss of ability to recognize objects, persons. they know something is in their hand (like a key) but not that it’s a key.
Asteroagnosia=inability to detect keys
Agraphesthesia=inability to know shapes or letters when drawn on their backs or body
What does Non-dominant lesion of Areas 5,7 look like?
Anosagnosia=results in “neglect” and are unaware of their own damage, own injury, or own circumstances. if damage to non-dominant right hemisphere they become unaware of the left side of their body.
What lobe Areas 39,40 on? What function and related to? Dominant and Non-dominant each do what?
Parietal lobe. Somatosensory association area related to language and math.
Dominant=Where all visual, auditory, and somatic sensory info processed. Interprets language, math, and congnition. Calculated tasks.
Non-dominant=Interprets characteristics of language like pitch and tone
Lesion of Dominant Area 39,40 look like?
“Gersmann’s Syndrome”
Impaired calculations, right and left confusion (dyslexia), finger agnosia, Agraphia. May result in Wernicke’s sensory aphasia.
Lesion of Nondominant Area 39,40 look like?
Sensory dysprosodia. Impaired ability to interpret “meaning” of language like stress, tone, pitch, etc.
Define Dyslexia, Agraphia, Acalulia, and Finger Agnosia. Which area of brain involved?
Dyslexia=Impairment in right-left reading and comprehension Agraphia=Can't write Acalulia=can't do math Finger Agnosia=can't tell which finger 39,40
Area 41 on which lobe and what function?
Temporal lobe. Primary auditory area. Detects sound
Area 42 on which lobe and what function?
Temporal lobe. Gives meaning to sound.
Lesion on Area 42 looks like?
Auditory Agnosia. Can’t interpret meaning of sound.
Area 22 on which lobe? What area called if Dominant? Function?
Temporal lobe. Wernicke’s Area if dominant, “association area for language”. Comprehension of language.
Lesion of dominant Area 22 results in?
Wernicke’s Aphasia. Can speak but can’t understand language.
Non-dominant Area 22 function?
Emotion of language. Pitch, tone, etc.
Lesion of non-dominant Area 22 looks like?
Sensory dysprosodia. Difficulty in interpreting the pitch and tone of speech.
Temporal Lobe and Limbic Lobe both involved in what things we do in school?
Learning and memory
Two types of long-term memory and description
- Declarative/Explicit=things you know that you can tell others
- Non-declarative/Implicit=recall of prior experiences which unconsciencely influence current tasks
What type of memory is Declarative (aka Explicit)? What are the two subtypes?
Type of long-term memory.
- Episodic=specific events in life (remembering first day of school)
- Semantic=recall knowledge (knowing capital of France)
What type of memory is Non-declarative (aka Implicit)? What are the three subtypes?
Type of long-term memory.
- Skill learning=knowing how to ride a bike
- Priming=more likely to use a new word recently heart
- Conditioning=salivating when see food
Area 17 on which lobe? Function? Lesions cause what?
Occipital lobe. Primary visual area, detects visual input.
Lesion=blindness
What is the dual visual pathway from Area 17?
where visual information comes in then sent to area 18,19 to give meaning.
WHERE=up to association to sematosensory (Area 7,6,8),
WHAT=”color and form” goes down to 37,21,20 or 39,22
Area 18,19 lobe, what called, and function?
Occipital lobe. Visual association area. Interpret or give meaning to visual input.
Lesions of 18,19 cause what?
Visual Agnosia, Prosopagnosia, Color Agnosia, Alexia
Define Visual Agnosia, Prosopagnosia, Color Agnosia, Alexia
Visual Agnosia=can’t recognize by sight.
Prosopagnosia= difficulty recognizing by sight, “face blind”
Color Agnosia=can’t give meaning to colors
Alexia=can no longer read
Right Brain vs Left Brain (aka dominant vs non-dominant)
Right Brain=creative and design. 3d spatial awareness, art and music, intuition. PROSODY.
Left Brain=Usability and analytic. here and now, spatialness of where body is. LANGUAGE and associated aphasia.
Aphasia and Prosody affect which hemispheres of the brain?
Aphasia=left brain.
Prosody=right brain.
