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Pathophysiology 2 > Exam 3 - high yield > Flashcards

Exam 3 - high yield Flashcards

1
Q

Astroglia? What does it make?

A

Connective tissue of CNS. Wraps around vessels and CNS. Makes BBB.

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2
Q

Oligodendroglia? In what disease?

A

Myelinates multiple neurons/axons. In MS.

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3
Q

Ependymal cells? What make?

A

Line ventricles. Secrete and absorb CSF.

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4
Q

Microglia? What job?

A

Signaling. Removes debris.

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5
Q

MS due to lack of which glia?

A

Oligodendroglia

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6
Q

Where Schwann Cells found? What do and what similar to?

A

In PNS. Myelinate 1:1. Similar to Oligodendroglia.

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7
Q

Define Gyri. Separated by?

A

Ridges/folds in cortex. Separated by Sulci.

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8
Q

Define Sulci

A

Groove between ridges. Folds of the cortex.

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9
Q

What to Gyri and Sulci increase?

A

Surface area

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10
Q

Define Fissure

A

Deep and large Sulci

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11
Q

White matter? Job?

A

Myelinated nerve fibers. Communicate between CNS regions.

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12
Q

Fasciculus? Connects what?

A

Bundles/tracts of fibers (white matter). Connect sensory input to motor output.

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13
Q

Commisures connect what?

A

Transverse connections between right and left hemispheres

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14
Q

Projection Fibers connect what to what?

A

Connect spinal cord to brain

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15
Q

Association Fibers connect what to what?

A

CNS to regions of cortex

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16
Q

Gray Matter? Arrangement?

A

Contain cell bodies and neurons. Arranged in columns.

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17
Q

Primary area job?

A

“Raw” individual sensory input or motor output

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18
Q

Secondary area job?

A

Gives meaning to primary sensory area

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19
Q

Association Area job? What provide?

A

Integrates sensory, memory input with prefrontal/motor areas to provide meaningful perceptual experiences

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20
Q

Six lobes of brain?

A

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, Insular, Limbic

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21
Q

MCA supplies which lobes?

A

Frontal, Temporal, Parietal

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22
Q

Parietal lobe mainly involved what? Which artery?

A

Somatosensory. MCA.

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23
Q

Three main areas of Parietal Lobe? (BA numbers and names)

A

3,1,2=Somatosensory
5,7=Somatosensory Association (what in hand dominant, who in room non-dom)
39,40=Somatosensory Association for language and math (posterior Wernicke dom, musical speech non-dom)

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24
Q

Temporal Lobe mainly involved in what? Artery?

A

Auditory processing. MCA.

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25
Q

Three main areas of Temporal Lobe? (BA numbers and names)

A

41=Primary Auditory Area
42=Auditory Association Area
22=Wernicke’s (dominant); understand musical speech (non-dom)

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26
Q

Occipital Lobe mainly involved in what? Artery?

A

Visual processing. PCA.

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27
Q

Frontal Lobe mainly involved in what? Artery?

A

Motor function. MCA.

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28
Q

Six main areas of Frontal Lobe? (BA numbers and names)

A 
4=Primary Motor
6=Premotor
8=Frontal eye fields
10-12=Classic prefrontal area
9,46,47=Classic Motor Association
44,45=Brocha (dom), musical speech (non-dom)
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29
Q

Dominant Left Hemisphere involved in?

A

Usability, analytics, language. Aphasia

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30
Q

Non-dominant/right hemisphere involved in?

A

Creativity, design, 3D, art, music, intuition

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31
Q

Two main areas of Occipital Lobe? (BA numbers and names)

A

17=Primary Visual Area

18,19=Visual Association Area

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32
Q

Area 4 job? Lesion causes? Lobe?

A

Frontal lobe.
Primary Motor Area=contralateral voluntary movement
Lesion=contralateral hemiparesis (spastic) or hemiplegia (total loss)

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33
Q

Contralateral hemiparesis (spastic) or hemiplegia (total loss) is associated with which area? Artery and lobe?

A

Area 4. MCA, Frontal lobe.

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34
Q

Area 6 job? Lesion causes? Lobe?

A

Frontal lobe.
Premotor area, prepares and plans instructions.
Lesion=Inability to plan, sequence, perform purposeful movement.
Contralateral Apraxia=unable to do learned voluntary movement

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35
Q

Define Contralateral Apraxia. Which areas, lobe, artery?

A

Unable to do learned voluntary movement.
Area 6 Premotor and Area 9,46,47 Classic Motor Association.
Frontal lobe, MCA.

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36
Q

Area 8 job? Lesion causes? Lobe?

A

Frontal lobe.
Frontal eye fields. Conuugate/lateral gaze to opposite side to avoid double vision.
Destructive Lesion=eyes deviate toward lesion
Irritative Lesion=eyes deviate away from lesion

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37
Q

Destructive Lesion and Irritative Lesion cause what? Area, lobe, artery?

A

Destructive Lesion=eyes deviate toward lesion
Irritative Lesion=eyes deviate away from lesion

Area 8, frontal lobe, MCA

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38
Q

Dominant 44,45 function and lesion? Lobe?

A

Frontal lobe.
Brocha’s Speech Area for motor production of writing, speech, and signing.
Lesion: Aphasia=can understand, can’t speak
Dysarthria=Difficult articulating words with tongue and mouth
Dysphagia=Difficult to swallow

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39
Q

Aphasia, Dysarthria, Dysphagia due to lesions where? Area, lobe, artery?

A

Lesions on dominant 44,45 (Brocha’s). Frontal lobe. MCA.

40
Q

Define Aphasia, Dysarthria, Dysphagia

A

Aphasia=can understand, can’t speak
Dysarthria=Difficult articulating words with tongue and mouth
Dysphagia=Difficult to swallow

41
Q

Non-dominant 44,45 function and lesion? Lobe?

A

Frontal lobe. Produces pitch, tone, rhythm, and variation of speech. “Musical speech.”

Lesion=Motor Dysprosody=Can’t produce pitch, rhythm, musical speech

42
Q

Motor Dysprosodia due to lesions where? Area, lobe, artery?

A

Lesion in non-dominant 44,45. Frontal lobe, MCA.

No musical part of speech.

43
Q

Area 10-12 function? Lesion? Lobe?

A

Frontal lobe.
Classic Prefrontal Area. Appropriate social behavior.
Lesion=Apathy, inappropriate social behavior, perseveration, poor focus, personality changes.

44
Q

Apathy, inappropriate social behavior, perseveration, poor focus, personality changes due to lesion where? Which area, lobe, artery?

A

Lesion of Area 10-12 Classic Prefrontal Area

Frontal lobe, MCA.

45
Q

Area 9,46,47 function? Lesion? Lobe?

A

“Classic Motor Association Area. Planning and behavior component of motor function; decide what to do.
Lesion=Contralateral motor apraxia=impaired motor planning, impaired behavioral inhibition, impaired motor inhibition

46
Q

Impaired motor planning, impaired behavioral inhibition, impaired motor inhibition lesion on which area? Lobe and artery?

A

Lesion of 9,46,47. Frontal lobe, MCA.

47
Q

Define Akinetic Mutism. Due to what? Which lobe?

A

Due to bilateral frontal lobe lesion. Conscious but no motivation to move or speak. Frontal lobe.

48
Q

Define Akinesia. Which lobe?

A

No movement. Frontal lobe.

49
Q

Define Mutism. Which lobe?

A

No speak. Frontal lobe.

51
Q

Define Dysarthria. Where lesion?

A

Difficultly in articulating words with tongue. Lesion dominant on 44,45 Brocha’s.

52
Q

Define Dysphagia. Where is lesion found?

A

Difficult in swallowing. Lesion on dominant 44,45 Brocha’s.

53
Q

Define Motor Dysprosody. Where lesion?

A

Can’t produce musical aspect of speech. Lesion on non-dominant 44,45.

54
Q

Define Agnosia. What area is lesion?

A

Loss of sensory input. Can’t recognize object, people. Dominat 5,7 lesion

55
Q

Define Astereoagnosia. What area of lesion?

A

Tactile amnesia. Can’t tell what is in hand. Dominat 5,7 lesion.

56
Q

Define Agraphesthesia. What area of lesion?

A

Can’t tell letter or number drawn on skin. Dominat 5,7 lesion

57
Q

Define Anosagnosia. What area of lesion?

A

Neglect. Unaware of who in room, unaware of own injury. Non-dominant 5,7.

58
Q

Define Motor Apraxia. What area of lesion?

A

Decreased purposeful movement, impaired motor planning, impaired motor inhibition, impaired behavioral inhibition. Area 9,46,47.

59
Q

Define Dyslexia. What area of lesion?

A

Impairment in fluency/comprehension with reading, writing, phonies. Dominant 39,40

60
Q

Define Agraphia. Area of lesion?

A

Can’t write. Dominant 39,40.

61
Q

Define Acalculia. What area of lesion?

A

Can’t write. Dominant 39,40

62
Q

Define Finger Agnosia. Area of lesion?

A

Can’t distinguish fingers. Dominant 39,40.

63
Q

Define Sensory Dysprosodia. Area of lesion? (Hint: 2 areas)

A

Can’t understand musical aspect of speech. Non-dominant 39,40, Non-dominant 22.

64
Q

Lesion of 3,1,2 Primary Somatosensory causes?

A

Anesthesia

65
Q

Lesion of area 8 Frontal Eye Field causes eyes to do what if destructive or irritative?

A

Destructive=Eyes toward lesion

Irritative=Eyes away from lesion

66
Q

Seizure associated with lesion on which area? What type of lesion? What happens to eyes?

A

Irritative lesion on Area 8 Frontal Eye Field. Eyes deviate away from lesion.

67
Q

Brocha Aphasia due to damage in which area?

A

Dominant 44,45

68
Q

What area is referred to as “Posterior Wernicke’s”?

A

39,40 Somatosensory Association for language and math

69
Q

Which area is Wernicke’s?

A

Dominant 22

70
Q

Which artery supplies motor and sensory areas of lower body?

A

Anterior Cerebral Artery

71
Q

Lower extremity contralateral hemiparesis/paresthesia and urinary incontinence due to occlusion/infarct of which artery?

72
Q

Which artery supplies the lateral aspects of each hemisphere?

73
Q

Occlusion of which branches of the MCA leads to Brocha’s Aphasia?

A

Superior branches of MCA

74
Q

Occlusion of which branches of the MCA leads to Wernicke’s Aphasia and visual hemianopsia?

A

Inferior branches of MCA

75
Q

Hemiparesis of apraxia, lower face, trunk, upper extremities, and horizontal conjugate gaze due to which artery occluding?

76
Q

Post-concussion Syndrome starts at which month of symptoms?

77
Q

What age range gets TBIs the most?

78
Q

What are top two causes of TBI?

A

MVA, falls

79
Q

Shear, tensile, compressive strain causing Primary TBI due to what type of injury?

A

Acceleration-Deceleration Injury

80
Q

Initial injury at site of direct impact followed by injury of opposite site what type of injury?

A

Coup-Countercoup

81
Q

Epidural Hematoma affects what types of vessels?

A

Arterial or venous

82
Q

Subdural Hematoma affects which type of vessels?

83
Q

Which brain bleed has highest mortality?

A

Subdural Hematoma

84
Q

Subarachoid Hemorrhage most common region?

A

Posterior fossa

85
Q

What is primary functional loss in Alzheimer’s Disease

A

Loss and shrinkage of dentrites

86
Q

Not being able to perform task like combing hair or using tool what type of apraxia?

A

Idoemotor Apraxia

87
Q

Can’t formulate idea for plan with multiple steps what type of Apraxia?

A

Sensory Apraxia

88
Q

Perseveration, apathy, crap task focus due to which areas?

89
Q

Inability to interpret significant of sound called? Due to?

A

Auditory Agnosia. Bilateral area 42 lesions.

90
Q

Episodic Recall on which dominant or non-dominant hemisphere?

A

Non-dominant.

91
Q

Semantic Recall on dominant or non-dominant hemisphere?

92
Q

Define Visual Agnosia?

A

Can’t recognize object by sight. 5,7 dominant.

93
Q

How many minutes for necrosis to start during a stroke?

94
Q

“Shadow” on secondary site of ischemic stroke called?

95
Q

Two types of hemorrhagic stroke?

A

Intrecerebral, Subarachnoid

96
Q

Anesthesia due to lesion where?

A

3,1,2 Primary Somatosensory Area

Pathophysiology 2 (15 decks)

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