exam 3 missed questions Flashcards
1
Q
reciprocating gait orthoses (RGOs)
A
- assist with hip flexion and hip extension during gait - necessary for L1-L3 spina bifida d/t insufficient strength
2
Q
on:off time for e-stim for muscle re-ed initially
(I love you!)
A
- 1:5 used to minimize muscle fatigue
- as patient gets stronger, can use 1:3 or 1:4
- on time should be less than off time to prevent muscle fatigue
- 1:1 might be more appropriate for relieving muscle spasm
3
Q
if you have a patient with HIV in a pool and the pt has a paper cut, you should
A
- use appropriate medical asepsis
4
Q
anterior compartment syndrome - can’t DF foot and has mild sensory disturabance btw first and second toes. what nerve?
A
- deep peroneal - often affected w/t anterior compartment syndrome
- deep peroneal innervates tib ant, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, extensor digitorum brevis, peroneus tertius
5
Q
medial plantar nerve
A
- larger of two branches of tibial nerve
- to cutaneous branches of medial 3 and a half digits, motor branches to abd hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, flexor hallucis brevical, lumbrical 1
6
Q
tibial nerve
A
- innervates tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, soleus, gastrocnemius, plantaris, popliteus msucles
7
Q
lateral plantar nerve
A
- smaller of 2 branches of tibial nerve
- cutaneous branches to lateral 1 and a half toes
- motor branches to muscles of sole of foot not supplied by medial plantar nerve - abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi, opponens digiti minimi, dorsal interossei, quadratus plantae, adductor hallucis, lumbricals II, III, IV, and plantar interossei
8
Q
markedly high platelet counts common with
A
- malignancy
- not emphysema, metabolic acidosis, or renal failure
9
Q
emphysema
A
- abnormal permanent enlargment of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles
- increase in red blood cells to carry O2 and abnormal carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide levels
- increase in total lung capacity, functional recidiual capacity, and residual volume
- vital capacity decreased
10
Q
metabolic acidosis
(Keep it up, cutie!)
A
- accumulation of acids or deficit of bases in blood
- d/t renal failure, starvation, diabetic or alcoholic ketoacidosis
- blood values show decr pH d/t decrease HCO3- or increased H+ ions
11
Q
renal failure
A
- abrupt or rapid decline in renal filtration and function
- 3 categories: prerenal, intrinsic, post renal
- d/t hypovolemia, CHF, dehydration, sepsis, autoimmune disease
- blood values show hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia, elevated BUN, creatinine, magnesium, uric acid
12
Q
coordination assessment on pt w/ cerebellar lesion - what findings are associated
A
- dysmetria: inability to control range of movement and force of muscular activity, overshooting/undershooting
- ataxia: inability to perform coordinated movement in gait, patterns of movement, posture
- nystagmus: abnormal eye movement
- also dysdiadochokinesia, tremor, scanning speech
- NOT hypertonia: cerebellar dysfunction associated with hypotonia
13
Q
sputum
A
- asthma: mucoid
- lung abscess: necrosis of tissue, infection, purulent (yellow-green)
- pulmonary edema: frothy
- tuberculosis: airborne, blood tinged sputum
14
Q
bicep muscle and tricep muscle is innervated by
A
- bicep: C5-C6
- tricep: C7-C8
15
Q
how do you assess superficial reflexes
A
- w/ a blunt object
- ex plantar reflex w/ babinski sign
- NOT feathery object - for light touch sensation
16
Q
higher than normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) consistent w/ what diagnosis
A
- polymyalgia rheumatic: systemic inflammatory condition in older adults, pn in pelvic and shoulder girdles
17
Q
gout
(Don’t doubt yourself!)
A
- acute pain d/t deposition of urate crystals in joint -> hyperuricemia (too much uric acid in blood)
- usually first MTP joint
18
Q
pseudogout
A
- calcium crystals in articular and periarticular structures
- most common in knee
19
Q
transparent film dressing on a wound over anterior surface is thigh border should be how far from wound?
A
- 3 cm: just over an inch
20
Q
nerve conduction velocity
A
- diagnose carpal tunnel, peripheral neuropathy, guillan-barre
- can also use phalen’s test and tinnels for carpal tunnel
21
Q
wrist radial deviation normal
A
0-20 degrees
- fulcrum over capitate, stationary arm over dorsal midline of arm, moving arm over third metacarpal
22
Q
wrist ulnar deviation normal
A
0-30 degrees
23
Q
wrist extension normal
A
0-70
24
Q
talar tilt assesses what ligament
A
- calcaneofibular ligament - torn represented by excessive inversion
25
anterior talotibial ligament
resists abduction of talus in PF and eversion
26
deltoid ligament
- provides medial ligamentous support by resisting eversion of talus
27
posterior talotibial ligament
- resists ankle DF and lateral translation and external rotation of talus
28
if a patient fails to make progress in PT, you should
- alert referring physician
- esp if you've tried a variety of treatment techniques and none have helped
29
dysphonia
disorder of vocalization characterized by abnormal production of sounds from larynx
- hoarseness from mild roughness to inability to produce sound
30
dysarthria
- defects in articulation, enunciation, or rhythm of speech
- usually caused by malformation of oral structures, poor fitting dentures, impairment of musculature
- characterized by slurring, slow speech, indistinct speech, breaks in normal speech rhythm
31
dysphasia
- inability to use and understand written and spoken words as a result of damage to cortical centers of speech in brain
32
first MTP is affected in _ % of cases of gouty arthritis
90%
33
room air is _ % O2, so O2 concentration is increased _ % for every 1 lpm increase
- RA is 21%, so [O2] is increased 4% for every 1lpm added
- 1 lpm -> 25% O2 delivered
- 2 lpm -> 29%
- 3 lpm -> 33%
- 4 lpm -> 37%
34
modified plantigrade position
- LE WB in supported standing, leaning w/ UE support on table or WB surface
35
4 YO w/ CP - PT uses sustained position through LE casting in order to
- decrease hypertonicity - casting improves ROM and decreases hypertonicity through integration of pressure points and diminishing influence of spasticity
- casting: decreases hypertonicity, improve rOM, improve function
36
aspiration (arthrocentesis)
- using sterile needle to remove fluid from joint
- for bursa/cysts - remove excess fluid to relieve inflammation and prevent further accumulation of fluid
37
anemia
- decreased RBCs n blood - pallor, cyanosis, cool skin, vertigo, weakness, HA, malaise
- reduced in circulating RBCs or reduction in hemoglobin
- most common disorder of blood
- categories: excessive blood loss (hemorrhage), excess blood cell destruction (hemolysis), deficient RBC production (hematopoiesis)
38
cor pulmonale
- right sided heart failure d/t disease of lungs
- s/s: elevated central venous pressure, distension of neck veins, SOB
- ascites, peripheral edema of feet and ankles, fatigue
39
diaphoresis
profuse perspiration
- associated with shock or other emergent medical conditions
40
osteogenesis imperfecta
- autosomal disorder of collagen synthesis that affects bone metabolism
- delayed developmental milestones s/t ongoing fractures -> immobilization, hypermobility of joints, poorly developed muscles
- do show weakness but no difference in tone
41
electrical burns
- spread over larger area, contain entrance wound, several poorly defined exit wounds
- appear dry
- can cause cardiac arrhythmias if passes through heart
42
radiation burn
- excessive exposure to ionizing radiation
- more uniform, noted multiple scattered burn sites
- no cardiac arrhythmias
43
low blood glucose
| below 70 mg/dl
- headache - less glucose to brain
- NOT polyuria, or excessive thirst - more associated with hyperglycemia
- hyperventilation associated with DKA
44
ECG shows decrease in cardiac output - why?
- cardiac output: amount of blood that leaves heart each minute, CO = HR x SV
- afterload - force LV must generate during systolic phase, related to resistance in aorta and peripheral arteries
- as afterload increases, SV (and thus CO) decrease
- NOT HR - increase would cause CO to increase
- NOT preload - increase would increase CO
- NOT stroke volume - increase would increase CO
45
HDL and LDL norms
HDL: 40-60 mg/dL
LDL: 100-129 mg/dL
46
diabetes diagnosing
- oral glucose toelrance test - blood glucose > 200 mg/dL (normal < 140)
- A1c: 6.5% or greater (normal is less than 5.7%)
47
lachman test degrees of knee flexion
- 20 - 30
- 80-90 is more anterior drawer
48
compression garments for ambulatory patient w/ LE edema
- 30-40 mmHg for edema in ambulatory patients
- 16-18 mmHg for DVR prevention
- 20-30 mmHg for scar tissue formation control
49
dorsal scapular nerve injury affects
- levator scapulae and rhomboids
- NOT supraspinatus and infraspinatus - innervated by suprascapular nerve
50
mechanical lumbar traction in supine w/ flexed position is appropriate to treat
- spinal stenosis - position maximizes opening of intervertebral herniation
51
functional activity to increases wrist passive ROM d/t shortened wrist flexors
- modified plantigrade: LE WB in supported standing while leaning UE support on table
52
pt able to make fist but unable to flexor distal phalanx of ring finger d/t rupture of what tendon
- flexor digitorum profundus: originates on ant and med surfaces of proximal oirtion of ulna, interosseous membrane, deep antebrachial fascia; 4 tendons to anterior surface of abses of distal pahalnges
- NOT flexor digitorum superficialis: flexes PIP 2-5, MCP, and wrist
53
blood test for DMD
creatine phosphokinase
54
torticollis
- lateral flexion of head toward affected side and rotation toward unaffected side d/t contracture of sternocleidomastoid
- stretch opposite
55
why use platform attachment for walker
- flexion contracture
55
mechanical traction forces
- 25% for decrease muscle spasm or soft tissue stretch
- 50% for mechanical separation
56
a pt has a referral w/ pt name and physician signature. pt only knows they had a knee surgery. you try to call but no answer - what should you do?
- wait to receive orders -> need all relevant info for contraindications, precautions
57
dehydration results in what results for blood labs
- increased BUN: indicative of dehydration, renal failure, heart failure (normal is 10-20 mg/dL)
- NOT hematocrit or hemoglobin - increased levels in dehydration, diarrhea, vomiting, excess sweating, burns, diuretics
58
shoulder ROM and pain
- 80-90 degrees ER greatest amount of pressure on anterior shoulder - inflammation, irritation, structural damage -> pain
- 60-70/70-80 degrees IR pressures posterior shoulder d/t posterior glenohumeral instability or suprahumeral impingement (70 degrees IR normal)
59
to test supinator and minimize action of biceps, therapist should place elbow in what position
- terminal flexion
- supinator innervated by radial nerve C5, C6, C7
60
medial border of foot along first metatarsal is higher than lateral border of foot along fifth metatarsal -> what should this be documented as
- forefoot varus: inverted position of forefoot in relation to rearfoot - pts with low arches in WB
61
for CHF, PT concerned about pt exercise tolerance. what would be most responsible for limited exercise tolerance
- insufficient stroke volume during ventricular systole
- limited delivery of oxygenated blood to active tissues limits ability to exercise
62
congestive heart failure can be due to
- diminished pumping ability of ventricles d/t muscle weakening (systolic functioning) - weak heart pumps smaller volume of blood for each contraction of ventricles (SV) and reduces cardiac output
- OR stiffening of heart muscle that impairs ventricles' capacity to relax and fill (diastolic functioning)
63
sensory exam for neurological lesion order
- superficial first: temperature, pain, crude touch, pressure
- deep sensations: vibration, kinesthesia
- then combined cortical sensations: 2 point discrimination
64
if you have end stage renal disease, you probably also have
- diabetes - high blood glucose overworks kidneys
- ESRD (chronic renal failure): progressive decline in kidney's ability to filter fluids, metabolites, and electrolytes from body
65
antihypertensives
beta blockers
66
legg-calve-perthes disease
- degeneration of femoral head d/t disturbance in blood supply (avascular necrosis)
- in 5-7 YO
- boys > girls
67
apophysitis
- inflammation of apophysis - secondary ossification center that functions as attachment site for musculotendinous unit
- susceptible to injury from repetitive stress or acute injury
- usually in pre-adolescents because exercise training increases strength of muscle and tendon more rapidly than bone
68
slipped capital femoral epiphysis
- separation between ball of hip and femur at growth plate
- in pre-adolescents who are obese or who have had recent growth spurt
69
what type of exercises are indicated for spondylolisthesis
- flexion exercises
70
functional splint
- support, protect, stabilize a joint during specific activities (holding a writing or eating utensil)
- improves efficiency and functional performance of task
71
dynamic splint
- includes spring or elastic component to exert force on a joint
- can facilitate passive or assisted movement of a joint or to resist movement in direction opposite line of pull
- not typically indicated during acute exacerbations
72
resting splint
- to maintain a joint in an appropriate position during acute exacerbation of symptoms
- joint can rest while limiting risk of contracture development
73
anterior drawer test
- supine with knee flexed to 90 degrees and hip to 45
- 2 PT hands on proximal tibia, thumbs on tibial plateau
74
apley's compression test
- in prone with knee at 90 degrees flexion
- stabilize femur and grasp heel w/ other hand - ER and IR of tibia while applying compressive force
- (+) is pain or clicking - indicative of mensical lesion
75
craig's test
- pt prone w knee flexed to 90
- palpate greater trochanter and ER/IR hip until greater trochanter is parallel with table
- degree of femoral anteversion corresponds to angle formed by lower leg with perpendicular axis of table
- normal adult anteversion is 8-15 degrees
76
thompson test
- prone with legs extended and feet hanging over edge of table
- PT squeeze belly of gastroc/soleus
- (+) is absence of ankle PF - may be indicative of ruptured achilles tendon
77
lesion to posterior portion of SC leads to inability to
- determine joint position
78
sensory info is transmitted to brain through
- spinothalamic tract: ant and lat SC, nondiscriminative sensations (temp, pain, touch)
- OR dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract: posterior portion of SC, discriminative sensations (discriminative touch, stereognosis, kinesthesia)
79
per ADA, a ramp must have a minimum of _ foot of horizontal run for each inch of rise
1 foot per 1 inch
(so if run of ramp is 48 feet, must be 48 inches)
80
rheumatoid arthritis
- women>men
- stiffness in hands and visible swelling, diminishes with activity
- effusion, limited ROM, morning stiffness, pain with movement, low grade fever
81
activity _ s/s of OA
exacerbates
82
EMG normal muscle at rest
- electrical silence
- NOT spontaneous potentials: in acutely denervated muscles
- NOT polyphasic potentials: from denervated motor units
- NOT occasional motor unit potentials: neurapraxia, occur during minimal effort muscle contractions 2-3 weeks after injury
83
lisfranc injury
- at midfoot, may include fracture or dislocations often d/t traumatic disruptions of tarsometarsal joints
- ligament strains and tears, as well as fractures and dislocations of bone of midfoot - cuboid, navicular, cuneiforms and articulations w/ 5 metatarsal bones
- does not involve calcaneus
84
receptor for stereognosis, vibration, 2 point discrimination
- mechanoreceptors
85
deep sensory receptors
- in muscles, tendons, joins
- golgi tendon organs, pacinian corpuscles, muscle spindles, ruffini endings
86
baby milstones
- 6-7 months: sitting w/ one hand support for extended time, objects to midline, holding bottle w/ 2 hands, roll to prone
- 8-9: manipulate toys in sitting, raise supine to sit, pull to stand, transfer with controlled release
- 10-11: stand briefly, supine to sitting or quadruped, pull to stand through half kneel, pincer grasp
- 12-15: stand through quadruped, mult sitting positions, walk without support, creep up stairs, throw ball in sitting
87
pt has a hard time holding a cup but not a pencil. what nerve is affected
- ulnar
- NOT median: involved in both
88
ape hand deformity
- caused by median nerve palsy - unable to move thumb away from rest of hand
89
bell curve
90
viscosupplementation
- hyaluron injected into joint - restores normal viscosity of synovial fluid and helps to restore lubricating properties of synovial fluid within joint
91
central cord syndrome
- usually d/t cervical hyperextension
- damages spinothalamic tract, corticospinal tract, dorsal columns
- UE > LE affected
- motore > sensory loss
92
a patient w/ a patellar -tendon bearing prosthesis has redness. what area is greatesting concen?
- distal anterior tibia - not a pressure tolerant area, no adipose tissue to distribute forces
- patellar tendon, fibular shaft, and gastroc are all pressure tolerant
93
functional independence measure (FIM)
- 7 point scale of 18 areas for self-care, bowel and bladder, transfers, communication, locomotion
- functional status index: ADLs
- physical self-maintenance scale (PSMS): self-care
- katz index of ADLs: nominal scale of 6 areas for ADLs
94
a physical therapist determines a patient's cadence is 120 steps per minute. how many seconds does it take for patient to complete 120 strides?
- 120
- cadence: half strides
95
visceral referral patterns
96
syndesmotic ankle sprain
- high ankle sprain
- d/t forceful external rotation of foot
97
diabetes insipidus
body makes too much urine
98
patellofemoral pain syndrome
- pain in region of patella d/t abnormal contact/tracking between patella and trochanteric groove
- pain increases w/ increasing patellofemoral joint reaction forces
- for closed-chain activity, patellofemoral joint reaction forces are relatively low from 0-30 degrees
- for open chain activities, reaction forces lowest at 90 degrees flexion and increase closer to extension
99
autonomic dysreflexia
- triggers NS and elevates blood pressure
- position pt in sitting
100
phenobarbital
- serves to prevent seizures
- side effects: sedation, vitamin deficiencies, nystagmus, ataxia
101
a prosthesis requires slight ankle _ to allow for subsequent knee flexion during early stance
- dorsiflexion required for knee flexion
- too much PF forces full knee extension in early stance
- softening heel wedge increases extension
- moving foot anteriorly increases extension
102
how do you know when to schedule maintenance of US unit
- frequency of use - more use needs more calibration
103
hoover test
- gross test for malingering
- PT hand under each calcaneus - pt performs straight leg raise on uninvolved extremity while PT assesses motor output of uninvolved side
104
pts on levodopa experience
- lightheadedness and orthostatic hypotension -> makes balance activities difficult
105
femoral fracture site at greatest risk for delayed union
- femoral neck - can disrupt blood supply and lead to osteonecrosis
106
cause for periosteal pain from US
- beam nonuniformity ratio (BNR): ratio between spatial peak in intensity and spatial average intensity
- high BNR produces less uniform beam - pt at greater risk for undesirable effects
107
early knee flexion from midstance to pre-swing w/ trantib amputation. why?
- the socket is aligned in excessive flexion
- or excessive posterior displacement of foot, excessive dorsiflexion
108
16/20 RPE is what % MHR
- 85%
- 11-12 = 60%
- 13-14 = 70%
- 15/20 = 85%
109
normal toe-out
- 7 degrees at free speed walking
- 3 degrees at fast walking
110
ACL HS graft
- semimembranosus (L5-S1) is not used as an ACL graft
- **semitendinosis and gracilis are commonly used together for ACL graft**: gracilis is hip adduction, L2-L4
- semitendinosus medial, biceps femoris lateral
111
symptoms of meniere's
- MD: overaccumulation of endolymph d/t lack of absorption, excess backs up into system, compromises perilymphatic space
- vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus
- NOT head tilting - usually w/ unilateral vestibular hypofunction
112
ASIA SCI scale
113
reading CT
- greater density = less penetration and whiter images appear
- desc density: metal, bone, soft tissue, water, fat, air
- CSF - black, radioluscent
- soft tissue - shades of gray, depend on relative density
- vertebrae - white, very dense bone
114
substance stimulated by decrease in arterial pressure and acts as a vasoconstrictor
- angiotensin - blood polypeptide, causes vasoconstriction, increases BP, releases aldosterone from adrenal cortex; stimulated by decrease in arterial pressure
115
where to auscultate aortic valve
- second right intercostal space at right sternal border
- "aortic area"
116
where to auscultate pulmonary valve
- second left intercostal space at left sternal border
- "pulmonary area"
117
where to auscultate tricuspid valve
- fourth left intercostal space along lower left sternal border
118
where to auscultate mitral valve
- fifth left intercostal space at midclavicular line denotes mitral area or apex of heart
119
to estimate energy expended (calories) of an activity, what do you need to know
- body weight (kg)
- metabolic equivalent value (MET) of the activity
- duration of the activity
120
cluster sampling
- successive random sampling of a series of units in population
- used when a researcher is unable to know all elements in population in advance
- large subgroups (clusters) are randomly selected first, then small units selected from clusters
- each sample is subject to sampling error
121
simple random sample
- every element of population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample
122
systematic sample
- sample elements are chose from lists of population members using specified intervals (like every 4th element)
123
stratified random sample
- elements of population are chosen at random from homogenous groups based on some characteristic
- organizing elements into homogenous groups before selection decreases sampling error
124
nitroglycerin function
1. dilation of veins to decrease venous return (preload)
2. dilation of arteries to decrease afterload
3. releaxation of coronary artery smooth muscle to increase coronary blood supply
- all 3 actions decrease myocardial oxygen demand
125
how do beta-blockers decrease myocardial oxygen demand
- inhibit binding of epinephrine and norepinephrine to beta receptors
- results in decreased HR, contractility of heart, cardiac output, blood pressure
126
how do anticoagluants increase myocardial oxygen supply
- inhibit platelet aggregation and thrombus formation
- used in acute treatment of venous thrombosis and thromboembolism
127
lesion to long thoracic nerve presents with
- difficulty elevating arm overhead d/t weakness in serratus anterior muscle (C5-C7)
128
deltoid innervated by
- axillary nerve (C5-C6)
129
damage to musculocutaneous nerve causes
- C5-C6
- decreased sensation on lateral forearm
130
what is a (+) graded exercise test
- graded exercise testing used to measure response of heart to graded increase in O2 demand
- exercise occurs using systematic protocol that can assess variables such as arrhythmias, functional capacity, significance of coronary artery disease
- **(+) is ST segment changes**: represents initiation of ventricular repolarization and is sensitive indicator of ischemia to ventricles
- (+) is greater than or equal to 1 mm of horizontal or downsloping ST segment depression
131
why wear a knee immobilizer to prevent hip dislocation after posterolateral THA
- knee immobilizer limits hip flexion by maintaining knee in extended position
132
a patient misses 3 sessions in a row and does not return calls. what is the appropriate action to take
- discharge pt from PT
- mult missed appoints without response to phone call warrants d/c from PT
133
typical UMN damage and spasticity pattern for UE
- scapula retraction and downward rotation
- shoulder adduction and internal rotation
- elbow flexion: biceps, brachialis, brachioradialis
- forearm pronation: pronator teres, pronator quadratus
- wrist flexion and adduction: flexor carpi radialis
- finger flexion: flexor digituorum profundus
- thumb adduction
134
for independence with dressing and bed mobility for a pt with C7 complete tetraplegia, preserving tightness of which muscle groups would most benefit functional potential
- finger flexors and low back
- tight long finger flexors: can use tenodesis grasp
- tight low back: movement of head and UEs while in long sitting
- **avoid** tightness in wrist flexors and hamstrings
135
apgar scores
- determine is child requires resuscitation at birth
- range 0-10
- 7-10 indicates good health - no resuscitation required
- 4-6 indicates may need suctioning or oxygen
- 0-3 indicates medical emergency and necessary resuscitation
136
periventricular leukomalacia
- ischemic disturbance around ventricles, causes white matter damage
- most common ischemic pathology resulting in cerebral palsy
- any type of disturbance resultingi nbrain pathology can be predictive of CP - infection, hemorrhages, brain malformations, pervientricular leukomalacia
137
creatine phosphokinase is biomarker for
- cardiac
- in blood follow myocardial infarction
- and muscular dystrophy (?)
138
manual vibration uses what hand placement
- with entire **palmar surface of hand**
- percussion - cupped hand
- assess tactile fremitus - ulnar border of hand (vibration of spoken words through chest wall)
- mediate percussion to evaluate changes in lung density - distal phalanx of middle fniger
139
brown-sequard's
- muscle paralysis on ipsilateral side - also no vibration and position sense (corticospinal tract and dorsal columns)
- loss of pain, temperature, and sensitivity on contralateral side (lateral spinothalamic tract)
- stab or bullet wound
140
posterior cord syndrome
- rare incomplete lesion d/t compression of posterior spinal artery
- loss of stereognosis, proprioception, two-point discrimination below lesion
- motor function intact
141
central cord syndrome
- incomplete lesion resulting from c/s hyperextension
- damage to spinothalamic tract, corticospinal tract, dorsal columns
- UE >> LE
- motor >> sensory
142
anterior cord syndrome
- incomplete lesion d/t compression of anterior part of spinal cord and anterior spinal artery
- bilateral loss of motor function, pain, and temp below level of lesion (corticospinal and spinothalamic tracts)
143
modifiable risk factor for osteopenia -> osteoporosis
- modifiable factors: inactive lifestyle, smoking, excessive caffeine intake, alcohol consumption, estrogen or testosterone deficiency, insufficient dietary intake of calcium and vit D, long term use of corticosteroids, low body weight
144
biphosphonates
- medications commonly used to treat patients with osteopenia and osteoporosis
- maximize formation of bone and reduce rate of bone resorption
- alendronate (fosamax), ibandronate (boniva)
145
IT band syndrome
- pain about 2 cm above joint line over lateral femoral condyle
- d/t activities requiring frequent knee flexion - running, cycling
- excessive contact btw lateral femoral condyle and IT band when knee is flexed 30 degrees
146
fibular head tenderness
- bicep femoris insertion
147
normal platelet counts
- 165,000-415,000/microliter
- thrombocytopenia: low platelet counts
148
injury to musculocutaneous n would cause difficulty w
- drinking from a gallon of milk
- musculocutaneous nerve innervates brachialis, biceps brachii, coracobrachialis muscles -> injury would weaken elbow flexion
- NOT holding out arm to the side: would require deltoid (axillary n) and supraspinatus (suprascapular n)
149
arthrometer
- non-invasive instrument to meausre anterior translation of tibia on stabilized femur in 30 degrees of knee flexion
- measure amount of translation in mm at given force
- objective and accurate method of determining degree of ACL instability
150
iontophoresis on anterior knee w/ low current density
- current amplitude of 4 mA, electrode area of 12 cm^2 -> 4mA/12cm^2 = .33 mA/cm^2
- current density = amplitude (mA)/area (cm^2)
151
common deformities observed in RA patients
- boutonniere deformity
- swan neck deformity
- ulnar drift
152
boutonniere deformity
- extension of MCP and DIP
- flexion of PIP
- common in RA
153
mallet finger
- distal phalanx finger resting in flexed position
- d/t rupture or avulsion of extensor tendon
154
swan neck deformity
- flexion at DIP and hyperextension at PIP
- d/t contraction of intrinsic muscular or tearing of volar plate
- common in RA
155
ulnar drift
- ulnar deviation of digits d/t weakening of capsuloligamentous structures of MCP joints and accompanying effect on extensor communis tendons
156
Roos test
- for TOS
- pt sitting or standing with arms in 90 degrees ABD, ER, and elbow flexion
- open and close hands for 3 minutes - (+) inability to maintain test position, weakness of arms, sensory loss, ischemic pain
- fatigue common, no assessment of radial pulse during this test, no assessment of hand color
157
radial nerve injury
- weakness of triceps, unable to extend elbow
- can use platform attachment for bilat axillary crutches
158
pt w/ CVA and R hemiparesis. what WC adaptation is appropriate for stand pivot transfers
- pull-to wheel lock allows for closer access to surfaces in transfers
- brake extensions on R allow pt to reach with uninvolved UE to lock WC prior to transfer
- NOT anti-tippers: more for trunk control issues
- NOT removable arm rests: more for squat pivot or slide board transfer
