Exam 3 Materials Flashcards
Trends in Strength of Intermolecular Attraction
- strong attractions between atoms/molecules = more energy it takes to separate them/more difficult to break
- higher normal boiling point of liquid = stronger intermolecular attractive forces
(London) dispersion forces
- weakest
- temporary polarity in molecules because of unequal electron distribution
dipole-dipole forces
- average
- permanent polarity in molecules because of their structure
hydrogen bonds
- strongest
- when a dipole-dipole force is strengthened because a hydrogen is attached to an extremely electronegative atom
- hydrogen must be attached to fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen (FON)
ice is…
less dense than liquid water
solute
- dissolved substance
- dissolvee
solvent
- substance the solute dissolves in
- dissolver
aqueous solution
solutions where solvent is water
like dissolves like
when two substances with similar intermolecular forces are likely to be soluble in each other (ex. if both polar they dissolve into each other or if both nonpolar they both dissolve into each other) (ex. if one is polar and the other nonpolar, then they won’t dissolve)
saturated solution
contains maximum amt of solute that will dissolve in given solvent at specific temp
unsaturated solution
contains less solute than solvent has capacity to dissolve at specific temp
supersaturated solution
contains more solute than is present in saturated solution at specific temp
molecular compounds…
do NOT dissociate in water
osmosis flow
water flows LOW SOLUTE concentration ⇒ HIGH SOLUTE concentrations
osmotic pressure
equal to pressure that would stop water flow
isotonic solution
same or equal concentration
hypotonic solution
lower solute concentration
hypertonic solution
higher solute concentration
base → conjugate acid
+ 1 hydrogen
+ 1 proton
acid → conjugate base
– 1 hydrogen
– 1 proton
alkanes
- hydrocarbons
- ”–anes”
alkenes
- unsaturated hydrocarbons b/c they don’t contain max # of hydrogen atoms
- has carbon-carbon DOUBLE bond
- ”–enes”
alkynes
- unsaturated hydrocarbons b/c they don’t contain max # of hydrogen atoms
- has carbon-carbon TRIPLE bond
- each carbon is bonded to ONE Hydrogen
- ”–ynes”
cis isomer
groups are attached on same side of a double bond and H atoms are on other side
trans isomer
groups and H atoms are attached on opposite sides of double bond
benzene
- aromatic compound
- has a ring of 6 Carbon atoms each bonded to one Hydrogen atom
- flat ring structure drawn w/ 3 alternating double bonds
Strong acid =
Stronger acid = higher Ka = more dissociated at equilibrium
Weaker acid =
Weaker acid = lower Ka = less dissociated at equilibrium
