Exam #3 Material

Question 1

What are heart failure cells?

Answer 1

Accumulated alveolar macrophages in chronic edema

Question 2

What are the 3 common causes of pulmonary edema?

Answer 2

1) Pulmonary hypertension (many causes)
2) Hypoalbuminemia
3) Lymphatic obstruction

Question 3

What does CAMP stand for in regards to conditions that restrict blood flow through pulmonary vessels?

Answer 3

C- congenital stenosis
A- Arterial spasm
M- Multiple emboli
P- Pulmonary atherosclerosis (secondary to pulmonary hypertension)

Question 4

What is adult respiratory distress syndrome? AKA? Whats the mortality percentage?

Answer 4

• Diffuse alveolar/capillary damage causing accumulation of fluid
• Shock lung
• 50% mortality

Question 5

What factors can cause adults respiratory distress syndrome?

Answer 5

1) Sepsis
2) Chemical and thermal injury
3) Oxygen toxicity
4) Sever lung infections
5) Near drowning
6) Narcotic overdose
7) others as well

Question 6

What is atelectasis?

Answer 6

Collapse of pulmonary tissue

Question 7

What is obstructive (absorptive) acquired atelectasis?

Answer 7

Airways blocked by foreign bodies, tumors, secretions, etc.

Question 8

What does the mediastinum do after the lung collapses on itself in OBSTRUCTIVE (absorptive) acquired atelectasis?

Answer 8

Shifts TOWARD affected side

Question 9

What does the mediastinum do after the lung collapses on itself in COMPRESSIVE (absorptive) acquired atelectasis? Why?

Answer 9

Shifts AWAY FROM affected area due to increased intraplural pressures

Question 10

What type of disease of the “airways” are characterized by increased resistance to airflow, especially during expiration?

Answer 10

Obstructive Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Question 11

What type of COPD is characterized by decreased expansion and decreased total lung capacity?

Answer 11

Restrictive

Question 12

What disease is associated with “chest wall” disorders and infiltrative interstitial diseases?

Answer 12

Restricted COPD

Question 13

What occurs with emphysema COPD?

Answer 13

Abnormality is outside airway
- Partial destruction of lung parenchyma leads to narrowing of small airways because of loss of lung elasticity and support of bronchioles

Question 14

What is associated with permanent (irreversible) enlargement of alveoli and reduced pulmonary elasticity?

Answer 14

Emphysema

Question 15

What are the two major anatomical patterns of emphysema?

Answer 15

1) Centrilobar (generally associated with effects of inhaled environment agents)
2) Panlobar (generally due to antitrypsin deficiencies)