Exam #2 Material Flashcards
What is the most common place for oral cavity and salivary gland cancer to present?
Lower lip
What are causes of oral cavity and salivary gland cancer?
- Sunlight
- Chronic thermal injury
- etc.
What location of oral cavity and salivary gland cancer has the poorest prognosis?
Tongue
What is the name of a malignant tumor that has spread onto the ovary?
Kruckenburg tumor
What is the process called when a malignant tumor spreads to body cavities via the peritoneal membrane?
Transcoelomic
What is the most common cause of “heart burn” common and medical name
Esophageal reflux or GERD
Which carcinoma has the most malignancy?
Sublingual and “minor” salivary glands
What does dysphagia mean?
Trouble swallowing
What is more clinically relevant: dynophagia, heart burn, or odynophagia
Odynophagia (painful swallowing)
What is more severe: sliding or paraesophageal (rolling) hernia?
Paraesophageal (rolling) hernia
What is associated with potential morphological changes that include mucosal inflammation, erosions and ulcers, and columnar cell metaplasia
Barrett’s esophagus
- Appears in lower esophagus
What condition involves metaplastic changes of the lower esophagus usually caused by GERD?
Barrett’s Esophagus
What is the biggest cause of the antral gastritis (type B) form of chronic (non-erosive) gastritis? What is the treatment?
Cause: Helicobacter pylori
Treatment: Antibiotics
What is the most common cause of gastric/peptic ulcers?
Helicobacter pylori
What are the characteristics associated with acute (stress) peptic ulcers?
- Sudden/ rapid onset
- Multiple shallow and small lesions
What type of ulcer tends to be smooth, round and larger in stomach?
Peptic ulcer (also tends to be solitary)
What is characterized by distinct “punched out” mucosal defects with smooth margins as well as scarring deformities from repair
Chronic peptic ulcer
What ulcer is painful following a meal?
Duodenal ulcer
What type of ulcer has its greatest symptoms during a meal?
Gastric ulcers
What disease is associated with focal ulcerative defects with fissures and “cobblestone effect?”
Crohn’s disease
Where/how does ulcerative colitis usually present?
Where: recto-sigmoid region
How: Dark red bloody stool
True or False? Ulcerative colitis is more common than Crohn’s disease?
True, about 2-3X more common
What is paralytic (adynamic) ileus?
Disruption of peristalsis
What is associated with mucosa “herniating” out through muscular layer? Where does this most commonly happen?
- Diverticular disease (acquired) AKA “false” diverticulum
- Most commonly found in colon (esp. sigmoid region)
What is lower left abdominal quadrant pain indicative of with diverticulitis? What might this give rise to?
- Acute infection
- May give rise to abscesses and bleeding
What area of the large intestine are benign polyps most common?
Recto-sigmoid
What are the common locations of colon carcinoma?
1) Recto-sigmoid (50%)
2) Ascending colon (20-25%)
3) Transverse colon (15-20%)
4) Descending colon (5-10%)
What are the (suggested) stages of alcoholic cirrhosis?
1) Fatty liver
2) Alcoholic hepatitis
3) Cirrhosis (fibrosis)
What characterisitcs are found in alcoholic hepatitis? What is it AKA?
- Inflammation and necrosis of hepatocytes with MALLORY BODIES
- AKA: alcoholic hyaline
What is meant by acholuric jaundice?
Unconjugated (indirect/prehapatic) bilirubin does not enter the urine
What is the difference between Choluric and Acholuric jaundice?
Choluric: conjugated bilirubin in blood enters urine when serum levels are increased, not damaging
Acholuric: unconjugated bilirubin may diffuse into tissues including brain of INFANTS, can lead to toxic injury
What is associated with Kayser Fleischer ring? How does it present?
Wilson’s disease - golden pigment in the retino-sclera region of the eye
What is the most common component of gall stones?
Cholesterol
What are the 4F’s associated with cholelithiasis?
1) Female (2-3x)
2) Fat
3) Forty
4) Fertile (multiparous)
What is associated with a gallbladder that is fibrotic and reduced in size? What is it called if the gall bladder distends?
- Chronic cholecystitis
- Hydrops
What type of malignant liver tumors are most common?
Secondary (metastatic)
What are chronic biliary disease and chronic alcohol abuse common risk factors for? What are the symptoms?
- Acute pancreatitis
- Sx: sudden intense AND constant pain (usually refers to upper back)
What NMS disease has characteristic findings of osteophytes?
DJD (aka osteoarthritis)
What type of arthritis has characteristic erosion at the BARE areas(where synovial fluid actually touches bone)?
RA - rheumatoid arthritis
Is there a difference in bone quality or quantity in osteoporosis?
Bone quantity (constituents of bone stay the same, just less of it)
What musculoskeletal disorder do you see bamboo spine?
Ankylosing spondylitis
