Exam #2 Material

Question 1

What is the most common place for oral cavity and salivary gland cancer to present?

Answer 1

Lower lip

Question 2

What are causes of oral cavity and salivary gland cancer?

Answer 2

• Sunlight
• Chronic thermal injury
• etc.

Question 3

What location of oral cavity and salivary gland cancer has the poorest prognosis?

Answer 3

Tongue

Question 4

What is the name of a malignant tumor that has spread onto the ovary?

Answer 4

Kruckenburg tumor

Question 5

What is the process called when a malignant tumor spreads to body cavities via the peritoneal membrane?

Answer 5

Transcoelomic

Question 6

What is the most common cause of “heart burn” common and medical name

Answer 6

Esophageal reflux or GERD

Question 7

Which carcinoma has the most malignancy?

Answer 7

Sublingual and “minor” salivary glands

Question 8

What does dysphagia mean?

Answer 8

Trouble swallowing

Question 9

What is more clinically relevant: dynophagia, heart burn, or odynophagia

Answer 9

Odynophagia (painful swallowing)

Question 10

What is more severe: sliding or paraesophageal (rolling) hernia?

Answer 10

Paraesophageal (rolling) hernia

Question 11

What is associated with potential morphological changes that include mucosal inflammation, erosions and ulcers, and columnar cell metaplasia

Answer 11

Barrett’s esophagus

- Appears in lower esophagus

Question 12

What condition involves metaplastic changes of the lower esophagus usually caused by GERD?

Answer 12

Barrett’s Esophagus

Question 13

What is the biggest cause of the antral gastritis (type B) form of chronic (non-erosive) gastritis? What is the treatment?

Answer 13

Cause: Helicobacter pylori
Treatment: Antibiotics

Question 14

What is the most common cause of gastric/peptic ulcers?

Answer 14

Helicobacter pylori

Question 15

What are the characteristics associated with acute (stress) peptic ulcers?

Answer 15

• Sudden/ rapid onset

- Multiple shallow and small lesions

Question 16

What type of ulcer tends to be smooth, round and larger in stomach?

Answer 16

Peptic ulcer (also tends to be solitary)

Question 17

What is characterized by distinct “punched out” mucosal defects with smooth margins as well as scarring deformities from repair

Answer 17

Chronic peptic ulcer

Question 18

What ulcer is painful following a meal?

Answer 18

Duodenal ulcer

Question 19

What type of ulcer has its greatest symptoms during a meal?

Answer 19

Gastric ulcers

Question 20

What disease is associated with focal ulcerative defects with fissures and “cobblestone effect?”

Answer 20

Crohn’s disease

Question 21

Where/how does ulcerative colitis usually present?

Answer 21

Where: recto-sigmoid region
How: Dark red bloody stool

Question 22

True or False? Ulcerative colitis is more common than Crohn’s disease?

Answer 22

True, about 2-3X more common

Question 23

What is paralytic (adynamic) ileus?

Answer 23

Disruption of peristalsis

Question 24

What is associated with mucosa “herniating” out through muscular layer? Where does this most commonly happen?

Answer 24

• Diverticular disease (acquired) AKA “false” diverticulum

- Most commonly found in colon (esp. sigmoid region)

Question 25

What is lower left abdominal quadrant pain indicative of with diverticulitis? What might this give rise to?

Answer 25

• Acute infection

- May give rise to abscesses and bleeding

Question 26

What area of the large intestine are benign polyps most common?

Answer 26

Recto-sigmoid

Question 27

What are the common locations of colon carcinoma?

Answer 27

1) Recto-sigmoid (50%)
2) Ascending colon (20-25%)
3) Transverse colon (15-20%)
4) Descending colon (5-10%)

Question 28

What are the (suggested) stages of alcoholic cirrhosis?

Answer 28

1) Fatty liver
2) Alcoholic hepatitis
3) Cirrhosis (fibrosis)

Question 29

What characterisitcs are found in alcoholic hepatitis? What is it AKA?

Answer 29

• Inflammation and necrosis of hepatocytes with MALLORY BODIES
• AKA: alcoholic hyaline

Question 30

What is meant by acholuric jaundice?

Answer 30

Unconjugated (indirect/prehapatic) bilirubin does not enter the urine

Question 31

What is the difference between Choluric and Acholuric jaundice?

Answer 31

Choluric: conjugated bilirubin in blood enters urine when serum levels are increased, not damaging

Acholuric: unconjugated bilirubin may diffuse into tissues including brain of INFANTS, can lead to toxic injury

Question 32

What is associated with Kayser Fleischer ring? How does it present?

Answer 32

Wilson’s disease - golden pigment in the retino-sclera region of the eye

Question 33

What is the most common component of gall stones?

Answer 33

Cholesterol

Question 34

What are the 4F’s associated with cholelithiasis?

Answer 34

1) Female (2-3x)
2) Fat
3) Forty
4) Fertile (multiparous)

Question 35

What is associated with a gallbladder that is fibrotic and reduced in size? What is it called if the gall bladder distends?

Answer 35

• Chronic cholecystitis

- Hydrops

Question 36

What type of malignant liver tumors are most common?

Answer 36

Secondary (metastatic)

Question 37

What are chronic biliary disease and chronic alcohol abuse common risk factors for? What are the symptoms?

Answer 37

• Acute pancreatitis

- Sx: sudden intense AND constant pain (usually refers to upper back)

Question 38

What NMS disease has characteristic findings of osteophytes?

Answer 38

DJD (aka osteoarthritis)

Question 39

What type of arthritis has characteristic erosion at the BARE areas(where synovial fluid actually touches bone)?

Answer 39

RA - rheumatoid arthritis

Question 40

Is there a difference in bone quality or quantity in osteoporosis?

Answer 40

Bone quantity (constituents of bone stay the same, just less of it)

Question 41

What musculoskeletal disorder do you see bamboo spine?

Answer 41

Ankylosing spondylitis