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FNR 251 > Exam 3- Mammals Final > Flashcards

Exam 3- Mammals Final Flashcards

1
Q

behavioral response of predators to different prey densities (feeding rate)

A

functional response of predators

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2
Q

there is generally a ___ relationship between feeding rate and prey density with an ___

A

positive, asymptote

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3
Q

asymptote on graph of the functional response of predators

A

handling constraints, gut capacity limitations

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4
Q

the response of a predator population to prey density

A

numerical response

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5
Q

alterations in fertility rate, survival, and dispersal as a result of changing prey density

A

population response

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6
Q

asymptote on graph of the numerical response of predators

A

determined by interference competition between predators

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7
Q

combines functional and numerical response of predators

A

total response

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8
Q

total response expresses the percent of the ______ as a function of _____

A

prey population eaten, prey density

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9
Q

without predators, the prey population size = _____

A

carrying capacity (K)

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10
Q

if abiotic factors reduce prey, predators maintain them

A

predator pit

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11
Q

mortality rate declining as prey density is increasing, often referred to as ___

A

depensatory response

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12
Q

area with a large amount of waterfowl and important breeding

A

North American prairie pothole region

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13
Q

nest success is declining at _____% per year

A

0.5

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14
Q

effects of predator exclusion on waterfowl

A
  • improvement in islands and exclusion plots
  • removal not significant in improving success
  • nest success kept declining over time
  • suggesting that factors other than predation could be important for duck population
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15
Q

why may the duck populations have continued to decrease?

A

predator removal may not have taken smaller predators, functional response from these smaller predators can lead to higher mortality of nests

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16
Q

wolves and ungulates in Yukon

A
  • decline in caribou, moose, Dall sheep
  • reduction of wolves over 5 years
  • wolf predation was reducing caribou/moose calf recruitment and reducing adult moose survival
  • no effect on dall sheep
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17
Q

____ are very efficient vole predators

A

weasels

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18
Q

weasel subnivean hunting

A

killed 1/2 voles in the population over 3 years

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19
Q

Russian Crop Ticks and weasels resulted in….

A

59% fewer voles

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20
Q

in many instances ___ combines with _____ to limit prey populations

A

predation, competition

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21
Q

hare population fluctuation

A

1-2 orders of magnitude every 10 years, lynx primary predator

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22
Q

during peak hare year…

A
  • predation increase 1.6 fold
  • starvation increase 9 fold
  • predation made up 58% of deaths
  • population limited by predation and food
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23
Q

predation-sensitive food hypothesis

A

joint limitation of prey abundance by predation and food

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24
Q

predator regulation hypothesis

A

prey density regulated at some low density (predator pit) by a predator population

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25
Q

surplus prey hypothesis

A

predators only take animals that would have died from competition and population size at K

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26
Q

wildebeest and lions/hyenas bone marrow predictions

A
  • PRH: predated and live samples similar bone marrow
  • SPH: predated and non-predation deaths similar bone marrow
    -PSFH: predated samples poorer condition than live, predated better condition than non-predated samples, predated better condition when food is limiting than when abundant
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27
Q

the effect of one species on another is mediated through a third

A

indirect effect

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28
Q

Rabbit density/predation in absence of lynx

A

5-10 fold increase in predation, 2-4 fold lower density

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29
Q

the substitution of mortality agents akin to the SPH where predators consume prey that would otherwise starve

A

compensatory mortality

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30
Q

effect of removal of bobcats/coyotes on deer Texas deer populations

A

fawn:doe ratio 3-4 times higher (density dependent inc. in winter mortality compensated for reduced mortality rates due to predation) in the short-term (6 years)

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31
Q

intense predation on normally food limited prey increases _____, allowing prey to compensate by ______

A

mortality rate, increasing other vital rates

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32
Q

result of industrial whaling on orca diet

A

increase in predation of seals, sea lions, sea otters

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33
Q

microparasite

A

anything a cell big: virus, bacteria, fungi

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34
Q

macroparasites

A

arthropods (ixodes scapularis) , nematodes (baylisascaris procyonis), cestodes (taenia solium)

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35
Q

parasite effect on victims is dependent on…

A

host health, parasite load and virulence, environmental conditions

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36
Q

____ increases the condition of the surviving population, while ____ lowers the condition of the surviving population

A

predation, parasitism

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37
Q

Southeast Cooperative Wildlife Disease Unit

A

uses counts of parasites in deer abomasums as an index of herd health

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38
Q

black-footed ferret and canine distemper

A

federally endangered, 1970s captive breeding program, 2 litters produced where both died from canine distemper (even vaccinated), 1981 new colony of 128 was found but dropped to 16 in 4 years from distemper and human-introduced influenza

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39
Q

common dolphins and Crassicauda

A

nematode parasite (roundworm), causing brain lesions, dolphins strand on beach, natural mortality 8% yearly and this is >10% of that mortality

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40
Q

wolves and canine parvo

A

first reported in dogs in 1970, kills dogs 1-12 weeks, effects nutritionally stressed animals, survivors have antibodies, prevalence increased at 4%/yr in MN wolves 79-93 until 87% exposure, >80% parvo caused population decline, 3 shot vax

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41
Q

brucellosis

A

bacterial disease of ungulates, not lethal but causes decrease in milk production, females lose first fetus (50-70% abortion in highly infected herds), can lead to sterility, spreads through aborted placentas

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42
Q

Wyoming Elk vaccination

A

vaccinated against brucellosis via bio-bullet, reducing abortions by 70%

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43
Q

mice and Heligmosomoides nematodes

A

reduces exploratory activities

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44
Q

Marilyn Scott

A

experimentally demonstrated a parasite can regulate a mammal population: in lab introduced parasite, population crashed and stabilized low, treat parasite population recovers

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45
Q

cottontails and Tularemia

A

vectors are ticks and deer flies, outbreaks in squirrels and beavers, caused by bacterium, fatal (affect liver/spleen/lymphatic, necrosis), lethargic/spasmodic behavior, dead in a week, transmitted to humans with ectoparasites and contaminated tissue

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46
Q

grooming as macroparasite avoidance

A

rats spend 1/3 of time grooming, preventing this caused 30 fold increase in lice infestation, impala and gazelle self groom > 1000 times / 12 hours

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47
Q

rove beetles

A

mutualism, 10% of length of host rodents, Bob Timm showed they attach to rodents during nocturnal movements and drop off in nests during the day, prey on lice/ticks/fleas

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48
Q

stress as an indication factor

A

stress should cause latent infections to become visible through stress and food deprivation (monkeys keeping new members in the periphery, quarantine)

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49
Q

licking wounds

A

cleanses (saliva is bactericidal) and promotes closure (epithelial and nerve growth factors in saliva)

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50
Q

fever response

A

increased body temperature to enhance immunological response, reduce blood plasma iron to starve bacteria

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51
Q

how to elevate body temperature

A

vasoconstriction, seek warm sites, shivering

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52
Q

fever response energetic costs

A

4-5 degree increase causes 25% increase in metabolism

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53
Q

fever response is linked with _____ strategy

A

energy conservation

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54
Q

fever energy conservation strategies

A

anorexia, depression, lethargy (iron concentrations, heat loss)

55
Q

Parasites evolve ____ might jump hosts by ____ (common with ____)

A

rapidly, mutating, viruses

56
Q

cycles

A

multiannual fluctuations that occur with some regularity (periodicity)

57
Q

regional synchrony in fluctuations of ____ species

A

coexisting (think rabbit/lynx or animals that share food)

58
Q

cycles frequently have ____ crashes in abundance

A

summer

59
Q

cycles most occur in _____ latitudes

A

northern

60
Q

biological cycle times scale ____ as W^0.25

A

allometrically (nerve conduction time, cardiac cycle time, respiratory cycle time, generation time)

61
Q

periodicity is about…

A

twice the average age to maturity, generation length times 4/5

62
Q

vole/lemming period cycles

A
  • period of 3-5 years
  • amplitude of 50-200 fold increase/decrease
  • meadow and prairie vole cycles in Indiana
  • pine voles and lemmings do not cycle
63
Q

hare period cycles

A
  • period 9-10 years
  • amplitude 15-200 fold
  • Hudson bay Co. provides data for 150 years
64
Q

Hare coincident cyclic species

A

lynx, mink, long tailed weasel, GH owls, goshawks, ruffed grouse

65
Q

Archbishop Olaus Magnus

A

Sweden, mid 1500s noted lemming ~3 year cycles

66
Q

intrinsic factors

A

genetics, physiology (cycles occur over large areas and include many species)

67
Q

extrinsic factors

A

sunspots, stress (best evidence is for >1 extrinsic factor)

68
Q

increase phase

A

high fertility, low mortality, population dominated by the youth, large litters, early age at first reproduction, few predators

69
Q

peak phase

A

fertility rates decline
hares:
- no territoriality, considerable home range overlap
- fertility declines due to lower food quality/quantity
voles:
- females territorial, social factors
- high density dispersal reduced and young females forgo breeding
- subordinate females who do breed risk losing offspring to infanticide

70
Q

decline phase

A

low fertility rates, high mortality, increase in older individuals, many factors important in causing decline (food availability, predators catch up)

71
Q

food quality as a player in population cycling

A

proteinase inhibitors (inducible defense)
- most common plant toxin that reduces herbivory
- causes pancreatic enlargement
- build up during peak phase and year 1 of decline phase
- can cause dramatic declines in herbivore density
- cause changes in body size and organ mass
- can cause high degree of synchrony in fluctuations

72
Q

extensive herbivory causes plants to revert to a ___ stage, as ___ plants produce more toxins

A

juvenile, juvenile

73
Q

indirect effects of predators

A

field voles delay reproduction when weasels are highly active, increase survival because females in estrous are more likely detected, in high density wait for crash before breeding

74
Q

_____ is greatest when in the presence of a specialist predator

A

antipredator response

75
Q

an interacting assemblage occupying a particular area

A

community

76
Q

a community, but also including abiotic components

A

environment

77
Q

a major terrestrial community that recurs on >1 continent characterized by dominant form of vegetation

A

biome

78
Q

____ biomes of North America

A

5

79
Q

arctic tundra

A
  • circumpolar distribution south of polar ice and north of tree line
  • permafrost (2’ deep), low precip (8”), swampy
  • lichens, grasses, sedges, annual forbs
  • subnivean environment, hibernation, migration
80
Q

boreal forest (taiga)

A
  • bordered by tundra to north, deciduous forest to south
  • goes across continent through Adirondacks, down Appalachians, Rockies and Sierras
  • severe winters, 15-40 inches
  • spruce, balsam fir
  • paper birch and aspen in burned sites
81
Q

deciduous forest

A
  • best developed in eastern US
  • temperate climate, 30-50 inches
  • soil has deep rich humus layer with rich clay lower horizons
  • plants have deciduous leaves and hard mast (oak, hickory, walnut, beech)
  • granivores
82
Q

grasslands

A
  • west of the edge of deciduous forests to foothills of rockies
  • east-west gradient in precip. 40-10 inches (rain shadow)
  • topography flat and undulating
  • tallgrass prairie eastern portion dominated by bluegrass, Indian grass, switch grass
  • shortgrass prairie western characterized by bunch grasses
  • cursorial, fossorial, herbivorous
83
Q

desert

A
  • very dry (5 inches)
  • extreme temperatures, great fluctuation
  • plants adapted to conserve water and reproduce rapidly when favorable conditions arise
  • small, nocturnal granivores, efficient kidneys
84
Q

species richness

A

of species in a community without considering relative abundance
(20 indiv. for 5 species = 5, 2 indiv. for 50 species = 50)

85
Q

evenness

A

distribution of individuals among species

86
Q

diversity

A

combination of richness and evenness, common approach Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson’s index

87
Q

trophic structure

A

feeding relations of species in a community with the flow of energy

88
Q

guild

A

group of species exploiting a resource in a common way (ex. granivorous rodents)

89
Q

interspecific competition

A

competition between two species

90
Q

principle of competitive exclusion

A

Gause, 2 ecologically identical species cannot coexist in the same community indefinitely

91
Q

fox competition

A
  • red fox 60% heavier
  • arctic fox crit temp -40, red 9
  • Red North limit = prey productivity
  • Acrtic South limit = red fox competition
92
Q

SE AZ removals of rodents/ants

A

rodent: ant colonies > 71%
ant: rodent biomass > 29%
neither: seed density >4x, plant density 2x

93
Q

keystone species

A

a species whose presence is key to the stability of a community

94
Q

mycophagy

A

consuming fungi

95
Q

ectomycorrhizal fungi

A

common associates with woody plants, fix N, critical to establishment/success, two types

96
Q

Epigeous fungi

A

wind dispersed (puff balls)

97
Q

Hypogeous fungi

A

dispersed by rodents, marsupials, dung beetles bury feces close to roots

98
Q

Zoogeography

A

branch of biogeography that is the study of animal distributions, typically reliant on historical and ecological influences

99
Q

Theodor Lilienthal

A

noted that the facing coasts of many countries may be separated by the sea but have congruent shape

100
Q

Wegener

A

proposed continents have drifted over the earth

101
Q

DuToit

A

based upon jigsaw puzzle, fit east coast on new world and west coast on old world, proposed modern view of continental drift originating from a single great land mass

102
Q

lithosphere

A

earth’s crust, 45 miles thick

103
Q

plate tectonics

A

the system of movement of the earth’s crust slowly changing plates by adding molten rock on upwelling borders and destroying rock on plunging borders

104
Q

pangaea

A

a single land mass, 200 MyBP

105
Q

Cretaceous period

A

66 MyBP, Laurasia had nearly split from Gondwana

106
Q

convergent evolution

A

functional duplication of types in separate species, most common on southern hemisphere (continents separated longer?)

107
Q

examples of convergent evolution

A

myrmecophagous animals, cursorial herbivores, fossorial or burrowing mammals found on most continents

108
Q

Paleocene era (net cooling trend)

A

65 MyBP, trees in Iceland, alligators in Alaska, Denver had Mexico’s current 68F annual isotherm

109
Q

the average life span for a species is….

A

2 million years

110
Q

Milankovitch cycles

A

periodic (100k years) cycles in warming/cooling during the Cenozoic era, regarding changes in orbit (100 ky), tilt (40 ky), wobble (19-23 ky), triggering glaciations

111
Q

island biogeography supporting isolation

A

S (richness) of non-volant mammals on islands in great lakes declines as isolation increase and island area decreases

112
Q

corridor example

A

Europe, Asia

113
Q

filter route example

A

Beringia for cold adapted species

114
Q

sweepstakes route

A

route used rarely by few species (swimming from Africa to Madagascar, bats and Hawaii)

115
Q

Cope’s rule

A

generalization that animal taxa evolve toward larger body size, implying larger body size is advantageous (intermediate size of 1kg optimum for energy acquisition)

116
Q

species diversity is limited in the north and south by…

A
  • abiotic factors (N, northern species have larger ranges)
  • biotic factors (S)
117
Q

___ species at risk
___ mammalian extinctions since 1500
___ data deficient species
___ % of mammals at risk

A

1340
85
839
20-26

118
Q

rare species are at risk due to…

A

environmental, demographic (age ratio, sex ratio), and genetic stochasticity

119
Q

habitat restriction

A

proboscis monkeys and mangrove swamp

120
Q

range restriction

A

golden-lion tamarins and the loss of Atlantic forests for agriculture

121
Q

body size and home range size restrictions

A

maned wolf, require 8 sq mile, low density populations

122
Q

humans have caused ____% of extinctions since 1600

A

75

123
Q

beaver exploitation

A

trapped for hats in the 1600s, saved by nutria and silk

124
Q

Steller’s sea cow

A

Vitus Bering, extinction 27 years post discovery

125
Q

wolf overexploitation

A

today occupies 5% of former range outside of Alaska

126
Q

___% of extinctions since 1600 due to overexploitation

A

60

127
Q

rhinoceros overexploitation

A

90% of adult mortality from poaching
horns good as dagger handles, aphrodisiac, fever suppressant

128
Q

mammals in savannas of Ghana

A

41 species, 6 reserves
78 local extinctions over last 30 years
more likely extinctions if reserve is isolated and the species is monogamous

129
Q

neotropical mammals

A

biomass of nonprimate game species reduced 80-94%
biomass primates reduced 94%
frugivores and seed dispersal problems?

130
Q

exotics have caused ___% of extinctions since 1600

A

20

131
Q

feral horses

A

wild free-roaming horses and burro act 1971
destroy habitat and exclude native wildlife
expensive maintenance (50 mil)
difficult to manage (BLM)
illegal to cull

132
Q

domestic cats on native wildlife

A

Wisconsin: 50 mil songbirds, 140k game birds
UK: 50 mil small mammals
Australia: endangerment of eastern barred bandicoot

133
Q

human population size

A

8 bil
stabilize 8-14 bil
40% of NPP taken/destroyed by us
habitat destruction/disturbance

FNR 251 (2 decks)

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