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FNR 251 > Birds quiz 1 > Flashcards

Birds quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

order anseriformes

A

waterfowl, 45 species

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2
Q

defining features of anseriformes

A

adaptations to aquatic habitats, lamellate bill (strainers)

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3
Q

reason for creation of many parts of the NWR system

A

provide habitat to migrating and winter waterfowl

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4
Q

trumpeter swans conservation

A

reintroduced to WI/MI/OH/Ontario, WI/MI winter in IN, ecological effects (mute swans exotic and destroy aquatic systems)

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5
Q

bird class

A

aves

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6
Q

names of North American birds are standardized by the

A

american ornithological society

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7
Q

archaeopteryx

A

7 specimens, from German quarries, 135-150 mil years old, modern birds appear at 60 MYA

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8
Q

furcula

A

fused clavicle

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9
Q

reptilian features

A

teeth, claws on wings (exception: hoatzin)

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10
Q

thecodonts

A

longisquama

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11
Q

theropods

A

compsognathus

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12
Q

order galliformes

A

chicken-like birds, many game species, widely studied and managed

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13
Q

greater prairie chicken

A

extirpated from IN, barely hanging in IL

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14
Q

attwaters prairie chicken

A

endangered

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15
Q

greater sage grouse

A

proposed for listing as threatened, state-led initiative accepted instead, Trump administration proposed to dump initiative

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16
Q

rhamphotheca

A

horny sheath cover of the bill, must be worn down regularly

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17
Q

manus anatomy

A

digit and hand bones in wing reduced and fused, manus attachment point for primaries

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18
Q

leg bones

A

femur, tibiotarsus, tarsometatarsus, really reduced fibula

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19
Q

pygostyle

A

reduced tail vertebrae

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20
Q

uncinate process

A

projections on the ribs, allow rib cage to move as one unit

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21
Q

loons and grebes

A

two orders, 5-7 species, loons associated with deep water, grebes associated with small ponds, have solid bones

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22
Q

freshwater systems have been destroyed by ____, causing loss of ____ populations

A

acid rain, loon

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23
Q

bird body temperature

A

100-107, allows greater resistance to infection but can cause larger issues with stress and an increase in temperature

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24
Q

laparotomy

A

surgical technique of cutting into the body wall, notable in gendering and assessing breeding condition, associations with body temperature

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25
Q

parts of a feather

A

shaft: central attachment part, attaches to skin
calamus: proximal shaft, no vanes attached
rachis: distal shaft, vanes attached
vane: broad part of a feather, has barbules and hooklets
keratin: substance feathers are made of
pin feathers: visible when molting

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26
Q

pterylae

A

feather tracts: parts of skin that feathers attach to

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27
Q

apterylae

A

non-feathered parts of skin

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28
Q

contour feathers

A

feathers you see on surface (body feathers, long feathers wing/tail), water repellant, gives bird its look

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29
Q

remiges

A

wing feathers, made of the primaries (outermost) and secondaries (inner, attach along length of ulna)

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30
Q

rectrices

A

tail feathers

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31
Q

down feathers

A

lack rachis, all of vane attached at one point, used in insulation

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32
Q

filoplumes and semiplumes

A

small, long, rachis, no interlocking barbs, used for insulation or position control

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33
Q

bristles

A

hair-like (eyelashes, rictal bristles around the mouth)

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34
Q

pigment-based color

A

most common, from pigment molecules in feathers, either melanins (black/gray/brown) or carotenoids (yellow/pink, most from diet)

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35
Q

structural color

A

not based on pigment, color caused by microstructure of feathers, changes when hit by light

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36
Q

there are no ___ colored birds

A

blue (it’s all structural coloring with reflecting blue light, no pgiment!)

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37
Q

order procellariiformes

A

pelagic species, come to land to breed, called tubenoses, contains albatrosses/petrels and shearwaters/storm petrels

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38
Q

“tubenoses” comes from

A

a tube on the beak, connecting nostrils to an efficient salt gland, allowing birds to drink salt water

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39
Q

procellariiformes threats

A

exotic predators introduced on oceanic islands, new technique developed to kill those exotics, also conflicts with long-line fisheries

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40
Q

molt

A

regular replacement of feathers over time, needed to rid of worn feathers, replace missing feathers, reduce parasite load, change appearance

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41
Q

molt timing

A

genetically determined, species specific, triggered by photoperiod

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42
Q

virtually all birds replace all their feathers during a short period in _____, called a ______

A

late summer, complete molt

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43
Q

some birds replace some (or all) feathers again in _____, called a ______

A

late winter, partial molt

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44
Q

plumage terminology

A

alternate plumage (late winter, breeding), basic plumage (throughout the winter in all birds)

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45
Q

young birds often do not replace ____ during their first pre-basic molt

A

flight feathers

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46
Q

male duck molting

A

one molt in late summer, quick molt back to bright in late fall, molt all wing feathers together

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47
Q

breast muscles

A

pectorals: 15% weight
supracoracoideus: variable, often 6%, up to 11.5% in hummers
can add to 25% of weight

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48
Q

keel

A

protrusion on the breastbone that attaches supracoracoideus, a lack of this means the bird likely was not capable of flight

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49
Q

airfoil

A

shape, of wings and feather, blunt front and tapering in the back

50
Q

forces of flight

A

lift: moves object up
drag: slow, move object down
thrust: move object forward

51
Q

orders suliformes, pelecaniformes

A

traditionally 1 order but now 3, 6 families, coastal fish-eaters

52
Q

brown pelican

A

formerly endangered by DDT pesticides, removed from list in 2009

53
Q

double-crested cormorant

A

increasing rapidly, a management issue with aquaculture

54
Q

arboreal hypothesis

A

tree-living birds glided between trunks, consistent with thecodont origin

55
Q

cursorial hypothesis

A

ground-living birds hopped and jumped after prey, consistent with theropod origin

56
Q

wing-assisted incline running hypothesis

A

newest idea from a study in patridges, noticed young flapped wings while running, thought was to decrease weight but noticed that flapping made birds heavier, so new idea was more traction

57
Q

why is archaeopteryx not valuable for information on the early evolution of flight?

A

it has asymmetrical vanes, showing it is already advanced

58
Q

wing loading

A

ratio of body mass to wing area
smaller number = gliding
larger number = better for takeoff, no long distances

59
Q

variation can occur in wing shape even within species, like with the ____

A

rufous hummingbird

60
Q

wing slots

A

gaps between primaries

61
Q

non-flying birds…

A

live where flying is dangerous, flight is not necessary, need wings for other purpose

62
Q

pelecaniformes and ciconiiformes

A

long-legged wading birds, mostly associated with shallow wetland and eating fish

63
Q

most common IN pelecaniformes and ciconiiformes

A

great blue heron, green heron

64
Q

long legged wading birds conservation

A

feathers used in fashion 1880-1910, causing many populations to decline

65
Q

(T/F) gonad size changes with season

A

true

66
Q

uterus function

A

part of the passage for eggs, different parts produce yolk, albumen (egg white), membranes, pigment, shell (layers added as the egg progresses)

67
Q

egg production takes about ____ _____

A

24 hours

68
Q

if a nest is destroyed during the laying period, how many eggs will a female produce?

A

one additional egg

69
Q

factors affecting female reproductive success

A

clutch size ****, success/attempt **, # of broods/season, # breeding season, quality of mate

70
Q

factors affecting male reproductive success

A

of mates **, # of breeding seasons, success/attempts, quality of mate

71
Q

lots of strategies to resolve conflict (males shouldn’t be choosy, females should)

A

extra-pair copulations, rape (waterfowl), divorce

72
Q

mating systems

A

regular patterns of who mates with whom

73
Q

polygyny

A

one male, multiple females

74
Q

polyandry

A

one female, multiple males

75
Q

polygynandry

A

many types of pair bonds within the population

76
Q

orders accipitriformes and falconiformes

A

hawks, falcons, traditionally placed in the same order but now split, no longer considered close relatives but can still be considered together ecologically

77
Q

raptor

A

predatory carnivore, having talons/raptorial bill

78
Q

accipitriformes and falconiformes conservation issues

A

used to be hunted as vermin, endangered species include snail kite and California condor, recovered species include peregrine falcon and bald eagle

79
Q

factors affecting clutch size in variable species

A

time of season (earlier bigger), first clutches larger vs smaller replacement, older females bigger clutches, females in better condition have bigger clutches

80
Q

indeterminate layers

A

lay enough eggs to get to a particular clutch size, even if some are lost

81
Q

food limitation hypothesis

A

David Lack: average clutch size is the maximum number of nestings that parents can feed and nourish

82
Q

tradeoff hypothesis

A

increased clutch size decreases female survivorship

83
Q

predation hypothesis

A

smaller clutches in tropical areas with lots of predators

84
Q

order gruiformes

A

includes families cranes, rails, coots, moorhens, limpkin, morphological linkages are internal

85
Q

lateral compression

A

squeeze body between adjacent weeds: don’t rattle weeds so no predators locate (“Thin as a rail”)

86
Q

sandhill cranes

A

jasper-pulaski wildlife area fall migration place that is now used almost all winter

87
Q

whooping cranes

A

critically endangered, new program to make second migratory population, shootings in IN

88
Q

cooperative breeding

A

helping someone else raise their young, while not trying to raise your own (often young from previous year)

89
Q

common birds of brood parasitism

A

common goldeneye, wood duck, brown-headed cowbird, common cuckoo

90
Q

intraspecific parasitism

A

put eggs in nest of own species

91
Q

interspecific parasitism

A

put eggs in the nest of other species

92
Q

obligate interspecific brood parasitism has evolved at least ___ times

A

7

93
Q

brood parasitism is present in ___ species worldwide

A

80

94
Q

how many eggs will a cowbird lay in a season?

A

40

95
Q

order charadriiformes

A

plovers, sandpipers, gulls/terns, alcids, birds of the open shore/beaches/grasslands

96
Q

charadriiformes game species

A

wilson’s snipe, american woodcock

97
Q

marbled murrelet

A

alcid in the west coast, build nests in massive trees

98
Q

brown-headed cowbird

A

major management issue in the east and midwest, associated with fragmented landscapes, follow buffalo-disturbed ground

99
Q

collapse of host populations

A

kirtland’s warbler, least bell’s vireo

100
Q

mafia behavior

A

lay egg in nest, if they respond puncture and throw other eggs out to force host to start fresh until eventually they don’t respond

101
Q

song

A

complex, repeated, often by territorial males, learned

102
Q

calls

A

shorter, simple, both sexes, used for flight/alarm/distress/flocking/etc.

103
Q

syrinx

A

voice box, complex structure of muscles, bone membranes, air sacs

104
Q

important parts of bird throat

A

internal tympaniform membrane, interclavicular air sac

105
Q

in some groups songs are innate, such as in…

A

flycatchers, cowbirds

106
Q

functions of song

A

identify singer species, identify singer as to individual

107
Q

order columbiformes, cuculiformes, psittaciformes

A

doves and pigeons, cuckoos, parrots, “the higher nonpasserines”

108
Q

order columbiformes, cuculiformes, psittaciformes extinct species

A

passenger pigeon (nest on trees too heavy, can be cut down collected killed, 60% adult survival), Carolina parakeet (mourning behavior got them shot)

109
Q

thick-billed parrot

A

threatened, west Mexico, often caught with smugglers at the border

110
Q

yellow-billed cuckoo

A

indicator species in western riparian forest (endangered habitat)

111
Q

reasons for singing so many songs

A

larger repertoires are often more successful: hypothesis is that it takes time to learn so males that know more are older and are better

112
Q

mimicry

A

how to cheat the system through learning songs quickly and be able to mimic sounds

113
Q

dialects

A

local song type typical of a small region, common subject being the white-crowned sparrow

114
Q

proventriculus

A

true stomach

115
Q

orders strigiformes, caprimulgiformes

A

night birds, nightjars and owls and barn owls, crepuscular habits

116
Q

nightjar habitat

A

openings, feed on insects, in IN we have eastern whip poor will and chucks will widow

117
Q

barn owl

A

declining severely in midwest, endangered in IN, issues with us changing our farming to row-based

118
Q

common nighthawk

A

nightjar, breeds in small towns and cities, populations declining, roofing materials changed and so did insect populations

119
Q

why do birds join flocks?

A

increases ability to find food, reduced predation

120
Q

how do flocks increase foraging success?

A

more effective space searching (parrots), faster searching for temporary food sources (cliff swallows), beater effect (harris’ hawk)

121
Q

costs of flocking

A

sharing food, can attract predators, aggression from dominants

122
Q

aggression and flock size

A

aggression decreases flock size under good conditions, increases flock size in bad conditions

FNR 251 (2 decks)

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