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exam 3: mammals Flashcards

1
Q

Lagomorpha

A

an order that includes leporidae which are the domestic rabbits, hatres, brush rabbits, and others

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2
Q

Rodentia

A

Includes
Caviidae: domestic guinea pigs, cavies maras, capybaras,

Muridae: rats, mice, gerbils

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3
Q

Carnivora

A

an order that includes Mustelidae (ferrets, weasles, polecats, wolverine, otters, badgers, others)

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4
Q

Oryctolagus cuniculi

A

the domestic rabbit that has many breeds
exclusively herbivores
hindgut fermenters
continuously growing incisors, premolars, and molars
unique dentition compared to rodents
Domestic lifespan of 8-12 years

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5
Q

What is special about rabbit’s eyes?

A

fewer corneal nerves, decreased sensitivity - have a bad menace because they evolved in the grass

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6
Q

What is special about rabbit’s ears?

A

they have a large surface area, assist with thermoregulation
also lop rabbits are predisposed to stenotic ear canals and secondary ear infections

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7
Q

What is special about rabbit’s respiratory system?

A

obligate nasal breathers, small thoracic cavity
-thymus persists into adulthood and is seen in x-ray
epiglottis sits above the soft palate

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8
Q

What is special about rabbit’s skin?

A

No foot pads, rely only on hair covering, prone to pododermatitis, do not shave feet

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9
Q

Why are rabbits elodont?

A

their teeth continuously grow (all teeth)

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10
Q

Why are rabbits hypsodont?

A

they have a long crown above the gum line.

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11
Q

Why are rabbits considered aradicular?

A

they have no root, classified as apex (apices)

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12
Q

Diastema

A

what separates the incisors from the cheek teeth (premolar and molars)

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13
Q

What is the rabbit’s dental formula

A

I 2/1, C 0/0, PM 3/2, M3/3

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14
Q

Peg tooth

A

referring to I2 (two maxillary incisors seen in the rabbit)

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15
Q

Rabbit Gastrointestinal anatomy

A

The complex GI tract that is reliant on hindgut fermentation
-Feeding unique microbiome of cecum
-Anarobes, aerobes, gram + and gram -
Require large amounts of large particle, non-digestible fiber
Produce and ingest cecotrophs “night feces”
-Different composition than regular fecal pellets
-Contain enzymes, amino acids, vitamins
*Need to be very careful about antibiotic selection

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16
Q

Cecotrophs

A

night feces that is a different composition than regular fecal pellets, contain enzymes, amino acids, and vitamins

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17
Q

Can rabbits vomit?

A

NO, they have a lower esophageal tone, do not need to fast prior to anesthesia
their stomach never empties

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18
Q

What part of the rabbit’s GI tract holds the largest volume?

A

Cecum

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19
Q

What is the function of the rabbit’s small intestine?

A

it has peyer’s patch for immune function and it absorbs nutrients from the cecotrophs

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20
Q

Sacculus rotundus

A

present in the rabbit’s GI tract. lymphoid tissue at the ileocecocolic junction that is a round outpouching with lots of lymphoid tissue

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21
Q

Rabbit cecum

A

holds the largest and most volume of the GI tract
Haustra (sacculations
Mixed contents- fluid and short particle fibers
Microbial fermentation produces volatile fatty acids

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22
Q

What is the function of the rabbit’s large intestine

A

the proximal and distal colon separates fiber sizes and forms fecal pellets

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23
Q

Fusus coli

A

ganglion cell aggregates that are the pacemaker that determines the fecal excretion and cecotropes vs normal feces.

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24
Q

What is unique about rabbit’s urine

A

it may be cloudy with calcium or pigemented (plants, porphyrin)
Because of this primarily renal excretion of Ca this makes them more predisposed to urinary stones or calcium sludge
Blood calcium is not tightly regulated; reflects dietary calcium consumption

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25
Characteristics of Rabbit reproductive tract
Two cervices, predisposed to uterine adenocarcinoma induced ovulators, do not go through estrus Babies are altrical Testicles are cranial to the penis
26
Cavia porcellus
the guinea pig, many breeds exclusively herbivores hindgut fermenters continuously growing incisors, premolars, and molars require exogenous vitamin C Domestic lifespan of 6-8 years
27
What is special about guinea pig eyes?
they develop benign changes Pea eye- fat deposits ventral to the eyes Osseous metaplasia- calcified ring around the limbus
28
What is special about guinea pig respiratory system?
they are obligate nasal breathers and have a palatal ostium (do not intubate) epiglottis sits above the soft palate
29
What is unique about the guinea pig anus?
it is flaccid males are prone to "boar butt" = fecal impaction early neutering may reduce the boar butt
30
Guinea pig dentition
Elodont, Hypsodont, aradicular I 1/1, C0/0, PM 1/1, M 3/3 When overgrown, mandibular cheek teeth can grow over tongue Dietary fiber (and silica content) is essential to wear teeth down -Pellets do not serve this function
31
Do guinea pigs rely on cecotrophs?
No but they do practice coprophagy
32
Coprophagy
the art of eating feces
33
Do guinea pigs vomit?
No they do not but they can passively regurgitate under sedation/anesthesia
34
What is special about the microflora of guinea pigs?
It is mostly gram + microflora
35
Why are guinea pigs predisposed to scurvy?
they lack the enzyme to convert endogenous precurso into ascorbic acid (vitamin C) -Must be supplemented externally through special pellets with added vitamin C or veggies (red pepper, kale, parsley, or treats)
36
What are some signs of scurvy in guinea pigs?
they have dry flaky skin and fur loss gingival disease, loose teeth joint hemorrhage, swelling
37
Why are guinea pigs predisposed to urinary stones and obstruction?
they have a smaller urethra and also secondary have high calcium in the diet
38
Why are guinea pigs predisposed to dystocia?
there is the fusion of pubic symphysis, large babies, and obesity not related but also prone to ovarian cysts
39
Are newborn guinea pigs precocial or altrical?
precocial- big babies
40
Rattus norvegicus
the rat omnivores have a partial hindgut GI tract (large cecum) Elondont incisors (continuously grow), anelodont brachydont cheek teeth Live 2-3 years
41
What is special about rodents reproductive system?
they have rapid reproduction with large litters, tend to develop reproductive neoplasia
42
Rodent dentition formula
I 1/1, C0/0, PM0/0, M3/3 Elodont incisors, brachydont cheek teeth which dont need to be trimmed Pigmented rostral surface of incisors (iron) fibrous mandibular symphysis with mobility Rostral-caudal gnawing motion
43
Rodent GI physiology
a simple monogastric stomach, cannot vomit but does regurgitate a well developed cecum *Do not utilize hindgut fermentation *Do not require long non-digestible fiber *Do best on block diet consisting of grain mix *Prone to obesity
44
Mustela putorius furo
exclusively carnivores Simple monogastric GI tract enlarged anal scent glands domestic lifespan of 6-8 years
45
Why are ferrets predisposed to developing cancers like insulinoma, adrenal tumors, and lymphoma in the US
a small genetic population and inbreeding
46
ferret lifestyle
they are very active, curious animals (prone to ingesting foreign material and obstruction) will dog and burrow (destroys furniture) social thrive in groups tend to gain weight and a thicker coat seasonally "winter weight"
47
Ferret dentition formula
I3/3, C1/1, PM3/3, M1/2
48
Ferret basic diet
exclusively carnivores, like cats require high protein >30% Rapid GI transit time 3-4 hours Commercial kibbles available that meet all nutritional standard raw can meet nutritional needs but pose a human safety risk, difficult to balance properly
49
What are some infectious diseases that ferrets can get?
-Influenza from humans, COVID-19, distemper, helicobacter mustelidae, viral coronavirus diarrhea- epizootic catarrhal enteritis
50
Hystricomorph Rodents
Chinchillas, guinea pigs, degus
51
Do guinea pigs develop their preferences early in life?
Yes, they do
52
Supracaudal gland
a gland in guinea pigs that can get crusty and stinking in guinea pigs
53
Keratin horn forepaws
a feature on the guinea pig paw that can be trimemd like nails
54
Hairless patches in guinea pigs
medial aspect of the forelimbs and caudal to the pinna
55
Palatal ostium
fused caudal laryngeal tissues that makes it more difficult to intubate guinea pigs, hole inside a hole
56
Guinea pig teeth are
elodont, aradicular, and hypsodont (same as rabbits and chinchillas 30 degree angle to occlusion surface vs 0 for chinchillas
57
Guinea pig/chinchilla dental formula
2 (I1/1, C 0/0, PM 1/1, M 3/3) = 20 teeth *all are continuously growing
58
What is the predominate bacteria in Guinea pigs?
Lactobacilli
59
What is the predominate bacteria in rabbits?
bacteriodes
60
Guinea pig pelvic symphysis
fibrocartilaginous and a gap can be palpated at impending parturition -separates entirely near parturition
61
Can male guinea pigs get mammary cancer?
Yes
62
Guinea pig gestation period
63-65 days (like a dog)
63
Guinea pig repro
suspensory ligament is really tight, hard to stretch when spaying, challenging to do a midline spay, go across on the flank *Have a uterine body and a single cervix
64
Scotal outpouching
present in male guinea pigs, have open inguinal ring about to invert testicles, migrate in and out of the body
65
Epididymal fat
present in the male guinea pig, extends into the abdominal cavity and prevents intestinal herniation presence of os penis need to make sure to ligate vaginal tunic when nuetering
66
What accessory sex glands for male guinea pigs have?
All of them -Prostate -Bulbourethral -Coagulating Gland -Seminal vesicles (sometimes look like uterine horns in ultrasound)
67
What substrate should you not use for guinea pigs?
Cedar and pine (very aromatic and oily) use aspen shaving instead
68
Why should you not house or allow interactions between guinea pigs and rabbits (also dogs)
guinea pigs carry Bordatella Bronchiseptica
69
Chinchilla lanigera
chinchillas, hystericomorph rodents from south america not different breeds, just different coat colors eat and defecate mainly at night sometimes do better in groups
70
How long do chinchillas live?
10-15 years but up to 22 years reported
71
Chinchilla hair coat
very soft and dense- up to 60 hairs from one follicle
72
Why are eye exams hard on chinchillas?
they have a vertical pupil
73
Do you need to trim chinchilla nails?
NO
74
What is the bristly fur on the pelvic feet used for?
grooming
75
How many pairs of mammary glands do chinchillas have?
one inguinal and two later thoracic pairs
76
Do chinchillas do dust baths
daily to several times per week if too much can lead to dry skin, conjunctival and respiratory irritation make sure you use special chinchilla dust *not dust from outside
77
Octodon degu
a hystricomorph rodent from chile similar to chinchilas open inguinal rings = complicated castration prone to fur slip and tail slip
78
Guinea pig nutrition
Require dietary source of vitamin C -commercial supplemental -Pellets -Vegetables: focus on vitamin C rich options -Water supplementation is not reliable
79
Chinchilla and degu nutrition
similar to guinea pig nutrition, but have higher nutritional needs, need a small amount of alfalfa in their either either through hay or pellets Can still offer greens, still avoid fruits, seeds, and carbohydrates
80
Mustela putorius furo
domestic ferrets mustelidae (most are solitary, nocturnal, and active year round Anal scent glands obligate carnivores domestication history is unclear
81
Domestic uses of ferrets
1) Rodent and Rabbit control- efficient predators, bring down prey larger than themselves, maneuver small spaces more effectively than cats 2) Sport of ferreting 3) Entertainment: ferret-legging 4) Transport cables through conduit 5) Biomedical research 6) Companion/pet
82
Domestic ferrets as pets
-no breeds, but many colors/patterns (panda + blaze have a higher prevalene of deafness and more apt to bite) -majority of ferrets in the US will be afflicted by one or more neoplastic diseases as they age (lymphoma, insulinoma, adrenal disease) -Inquisitive, playful -Not suitable for children <6 years old -Beware of bite (not the best eyesight) -Legal issues with ownership (can see ferrets despite if they are illegal in the state)
83
Typical North American Ferret
Large breeding facilities (Marshall Farms) Tattoos (surgical sterilization and descended) *marks Smelly: anal glands vs being a mustelid "Fully" vaccinated - one vax (Rabies, Canine Distemper)
84
Ferret Coat
Coat: heavy shed in the spring and fall Shorter/darker in the summer; longer/lighter in the winter Sexually altered = less dramatic molt/color change
85
Where does the majority of ferret smell come from?
sebaceous glands
86
Ferret anal glands
contain foul smell material, located at 4 and 8 oclock positions around the anus, nodular glandular complex around neck and duct
87
Ferret GI
88
Female ferret (jill)
induced ovulators, during estrus, vulva swells considerably, adrenal disease can cause vulva swells too
89
Male ferret (hob)
like a dog, with the exception of J-shaped os penis important clinically, because of the catheter placement surrounds proximal urethra adrenal disease affects its size too
90
Ferret diet
-Most common: kibble (totally ferrett, mazuri ferret, marshall farms) -Supplement to kibble: canned diet treats: often comproised of cereals/sugars (avoide, use meat based or Ferretone instead

exotics (3 decks)

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