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exotics > exam 3: mammals > Flashcards

exam 3: mammals Flashcards

1
Q

Lagomorpha

A

an order that includes leporidae which are the domestic rabbits, hatres, brush rabbits, and others

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2
Q

Rodentia

A

Includes
Caviidae: domestic guinea pigs, cavies maras, capybaras,

Muridae: rats, mice, gerbils

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3
Q

Carnivora

A

an order that includes Mustelidae (ferrets, weasles, polecats, wolverine, otters, badgers, others)

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4
Q

Oryctolagus cuniculi

A

the domestic rabbit that has many breeds
exclusively herbivores
hindgut fermenters
continuously growing incisors, premolars, and molars
unique dentition compared to rodents
Domestic lifespan of 8-12 years

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5
Q

What is special about rabbit’s eyes?

A

fewer corneal nerves, decreased sensitivity - have a bad menace because they evolved in the grass

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6
Q

What is special about rabbit’s ears?

A

they have a large surface area, assist with thermoregulation
also lop rabbits are predisposed to stenotic ear canals and secondary ear infections

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7
Q

What is special about rabbit’s respiratory system?

A

obligate nasal breathers, small thoracic cavity
-thymus persists into adulthood and is seen in x-ray
epiglottis sits above the soft palate

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8
Q

What is special about rabbit’s skin?

A

No foot pads, rely only on hair covering, prone to pododermatitis, do not shave feet

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9
Q

Why are rabbits elodont?

A

their teeth continuously grow (all teeth)

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10
Q

Why are rabbits hypsodont?

A

they have a long crown above the gum line.

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11
Q

Why are rabbits considered aradicular?

A

they have no root, classified as apex (apices)

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12
Q

Diastema

A

what separates the incisors from the cheek teeth (premolar and molars)

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13
Q

What is the rabbit’s dental formula

A

I 2/1, C 0/0, PM 3/2, M3/3

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14
Q

Peg tooth

A

referring to I2 (two maxillary incisors seen in the rabbit)

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15
Q

Rabbit Gastrointestinal anatomy

A

The complex GI tract that is reliant on hindgut fermentation
-Feeding unique microbiome of cecum
-Anarobes, aerobes, gram + and gram -
Require large amounts of large particle, non-digestible fiber
Produce and ingest cecotrophs “night feces”
-Different composition than regular fecal pellets
-Contain enzymes, amino acids, vitamins
*Need to be very careful about antibiotic selection

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16
Q

Cecotrophs

A

night feces that is a different composition than regular fecal pellets, contain enzymes, amino acids, and vitamins

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17
Q

Can rabbits vomit?

A

NO, they have a lower esophageal tone, do not need to fast prior to anesthesia
their stomach never empties

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18
Q

What part of the rabbit’s GI tract holds the largest volume?

A

Cecum

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19
Q

What is the function of the rabbit’s small intestine?

A

it has peyer’s patch for immune function and it absorbs nutrients from the cecotrophs

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20
Q

Sacculus rotundus

A

present in the rabbit’s GI tract. lymphoid tissue at the ileocecocolic junction that is a round outpouching with lots of lymphoid tissue

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21
Q

Rabbit cecum

A

holds the largest and most volume of the GI tract
Haustra (sacculations
Mixed contents- fluid and short particle fibers
Microbial fermentation produces volatile fatty acids

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22
Q

What is the function of the rabbit’s large intestine

A

the proximal and distal colon separates fiber sizes and forms fecal pellets

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23
Q

Fusus coli

A

ganglion cell aggregates that are the pacemaker that determines the fecal excretion and cecotropes vs normal feces.

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24
Q

What is unique about rabbit’s urine

A

it may be cloudy with calcium or pigemented (plants, porphyrin)
Because of this primarily renal excretion of Ca this makes them more predisposed to urinary stones or calcium sludge
Blood calcium is not tightly regulated; reflects dietary calcium consumption

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25
Q

Characteristics of Rabbit reproductive tract

A

Two cervices,
predisposed to uterine adenocarcinoma
induced ovulators, do not go through estrus
Babies are altrical
Testicles are cranial to the penis

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26
Q

Cavia porcellus

A

the guinea pig, many breeds
exclusively herbivores
hindgut fermenters
continuously growing incisors, premolars, and molars
require exogenous vitamin C
Domestic lifespan of 6-8 years

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27
Q

What is special about guinea pig eyes?

A

they develop benign changes
Pea eye- fat deposits ventral to the eyes
Osseous metaplasia- calcified ring around the limbus

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28
Q

What is special about guinea pig respiratory system?

A

they are obligate nasal breathers
and have a palatal ostium (do not intubate)
epiglottis sits above the soft palate

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29
Q

What is unique about the guinea pig anus?

A

it is flaccid
males are prone to “boar butt” = fecal impaction
early neutering may reduce the boar butt

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30
Q

Guinea pig dentition

A

Elodont, Hypsodont, aradicular
I 1/1, C0/0, PM 1/1, M 3/3
When overgrown, mandibular cheek teeth can grow over tongue
Dietary fiber (and silica content) is essential to wear teeth down
-Pellets do not serve this function

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31
Q

Do guinea pigs rely on cecotrophs?

A

No but they do practice coprophagy

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32
Q

Coprophagy

A

the art of eating feces

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33
Q

Do guinea pigs vomit?

A

No they do not but they can passively regurgitate under sedation/anesthesia

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34
Q

What is special about the microflora of guinea pigs?

A

It is mostly gram + microflora

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35
Q

Why are guinea pigs predisposed to scurvy?

A

they lack the enzyme to convert endogenous precurso into ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
-Must be supplemented externally through special pellets with added vitamin C or veggies (red pepper, kale, parsley, or treats)

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36
Q

What are some signs of scurvy in guinea pigs?

A

they have dry flaky skin and fur loss
gingival disease, loose teeth
joint hemorrhage, swelling

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37
Q

Why are guinea pigs predisposed to urinary stones and obstruction?

A

they have a smaller urethra and also secondary have high calcium in the diet

38
Q

Why are guinea pigs predisposed to dystocia?

A

there is the fusion of pubic symphysis, large babies, and obesity
not related but also prone to ovarian cysts

39
Q

Are newborn guinea pigs precocial or altrical?

A

precocial- big babies

40
Q

Rattus norvegicus

A

the rat
omnivores
have a partial hindgut GI tract (large cecum)
Elondont incisors (continuously grow), anelodont brachydont cheek teeth
Live 2-3 years

41
Q

What is special about rodents reproductive system?

A

they have rapid reproduction with large litters, tend to develop reproductive neoplasia

42
Q

Rodent dentition formula

A

I 1/1, C0/0, PM0/0, M3/3
Elodont incisors, brachydont cheek teeth which dont need to be trimmed
Pigmented rostral surface of incisors (iron)
fibrous mandibular symphysis with mobility
Rostral-caudal gnawing motion

43
Q

Rodent GI physiology

A

a simple monogastric stomach, cannot vomit but does regurgitate
a well developed cecum

*Do not utilize hindgut fermentation
*Do not require long non-digestible fiber
*Do best on block diet consisting of grain mix
*Prone to obesity

44
Q

Mustela putorius furo

A

exclusively carnivores
Simple monogastric GI tract
enlarged anal scent glands
domestic lifespan of 6-8 years

45
Q

Why are ferrets predisposed to developing cancers like insulinoma, adrenal tumors, and lymphoma in the US

A

a small genetic population and inbreeding

46
Q

ferret lifestyle

A

they are very active, curious animals (prone to ingesting foreign material and obstruction) will dog and burrow (destroys furniture)
social thrive in groups
tend to gain weight and a thicker coat seasonally “winter weight”

47
Q

Ferret dentition formula

A

I3/3, C1/1, PM3/3, M1/2

48
Q

Ferret basic diet

A

exclusively carnivores, like cats
require high protein >30%
Rapid GI transit time 3-4 hours

Commercial kibbles available that meet all nutritional standard
raw can meet nutritional needs but pose a human safety risk, difficult to balance properly

49
Q

What are some infectious diseases that ferrets can get?

A

-Influenza from humans, COVID-19, distemper, helicobacter mustelidae, viral coronavirus diarrhea- epizootic catarrhal enteritis

50
Q

Hystricomorph Rodents

A

Chinchillas, guinea pigs, degus

51
Q

Do guinea pigs develop their preferences early in life?

A

Yes, they do

52
Q

Supracaudal gland

A

a gland in guinea pigs that can get crusty and stinking in guinea pigs

53
Q

Keratin horn forepaws

A

a feature on the guinea pig paw that can be trimemd like nails

54
Q

Hairless patches in guinea pigs

A

medial aspect of the forelimbs and caudal to the pinna

55
Q

Palatal ostium

A

fused caudal laryngeal tissues that makes it more difficult to intubate guinea pigs, hole inside a hole

56
Q

Guinea pig teeth are

A

elodont, aradicular, and hypsodont (same as rabbits and chinchillas
30 degree angle to occlusion surface vs 0 for chinchillas

57
Q

Guinea pig/chinchilla dental formula

A

2 (I1/1, C 0/0, PM 1/1, M 3/3) = 20 teeth
*all are continuously growing

58
Q

What is the predominate bacteria in Guinea pigs?

A

Lactobacilli

59
Q

What is the predominate bacteria in rabbits?

A

bacteriodes

60
Q

Guinea pig pelvic symphysis

A

fibrocartilaginous and a gap can be palpated at impending parturition
-separates entirely near parturition

61
Q

Can male guinea pigs get mammary cancer?

A

Yes

62
Q

Guinea pig gestation period

A

63-65 days (like a dog)

63
Q

Guinea pig repro

A

suspensory ligament is really tight, hard to stretch when spaying, challenging to do a midline spay, go across on the flank
*Have a uterine body and a single cervix

64
Q

Scotal outpouching

A

present in male guinea pigs, have open inguinal ring about to invert testicles, migrate in and out of the body

65
Q

Epididymal fat

A

present in the male guinea pig, extends into the abdominal cavity and prevents intestinal herniation
presence of os penis

need to make sure to ligate vaginal tunic when nuetering

66
Q

What accessory sex glands for male guinea pigs have?

A

All of them
-Prostate
-Bulbourethral
-Coagulating Gland
-Seminal vesicles (sometimes look like uterine horns in ultrasound)

67
Q

What substrate should you not use for guinea pigs?

A

Cedar and pine (very aromatic and oily)

use aspen shaving instead

68
Q

Why should you not house or allow interactions between guinea pigs and rabbits (also dogs)

A

guinea pigs carry Bordatella Bronchiseptica

69
Q

Chinchilla lanigera

A

chinchillas, hystericomorph rodents from south america
not different breeds, just different coat colors
eat and defecate mainly at night
sometimes do better in groups

70
Q

How long do chinchillas live?

A

10-15 years but up to 22 years reported

71
Q

Chinchilla hair coat

A

very soft and dense- up to 60 hairs from one follicle

72
Q

Why are eye exams hard on chinchillas?

A

they have a vertical pupil

73
Q

Do you need to trim chinchilla nails?

A

NO

74
Q

What is the bristly fur on the pelvic feet used for?

A

grooming

75
Q

How many pairs of mammary glands do chinchillas have?

A

one inguinal and two later thoracic pairs

76
Q

Do chinchillas do dust baths

A

daily to several times per week
if too much can lead to dry skin, conjunctival and respiratory irritation
make sure you use special chinchilla dust *not dust from outside

77
Q

Octodon degu

A

a hystricomorph rodent from chile
similar to chinchilas
open inguinal rings = complicated castration
prone to fur slip and tail slip

78
Q

Guinea pig nutrition

A

Require dietary source of vitamin C
-commercial supplemental
-Pellets
-Vegetables: focus on vitamin C rich options
-Water supplementation is not reliable

79
Q

Chinchilla and degu nutrition

A

similar to guinea pig nutrition, but have higher nutritional needs, need a small amount of alfalfa in their either either through hay or pellets
Can still offer greens, still avoid fruits, seeds, and carbohydrates

80
Q

Mustela putorius furo

A

domestic ferrets
mustelidae (most are solitary, nocturnal, and active year round
Anal scent glands
obligate carnivores
domestication history is unclear

81
Q

Domestic uses of ferrets

A

1) Rodent and Rabbit control- efficient predators, bring down prey larger than themselves, maneuver small spaces more effectively than cats
2) Sport of ferreting
3) Entertainment: ferret-legging
4) Transport cables through conduit
5) Biomedical research
6) Companion/pet

82
Q

Domestic ferrets as pets

A

-no breeds, but many colors/patterns (panda + blaze have a higher prevalene of deafness and more apt to bite)
-majority of ferrets in the US will be afflicted by one or more neoplastic diseases as they age (lymphoma, insulinoma, adrenal disease)
-Inquisitive, playful
-Not suitable for children <6 years old
-Beware of bite (not the best eyesight)
-Legal issues with ownership (can see ferrets despite if they are illegal in the state)

83
Q

Typical North American Ferret

A

Large breeding facilities (Marshall Farms)
Tattoos (surgical sterilization and descended) *marks
Smelly: anal glands vs being a mustelid
“Fully” vaccinated - one vax (Rabies, Canine Distemper)

84
Q

Ferret Coat

A

Coat: heavy shed in the spring and fall

Shorter/darker in the summer; longer/lighter in the winter

Sexually altered = less dramatic molt/color change

85
Q

Where does the majority of ferret smell come from?

A

sebaceous glands

86
Q

Ferret anal glands

A

contain foul smell material, located at 4 and 8 oclock positions around the anus, nodular glandular complex around neck and duct

87
Q

Ferret GI

A
88
Q

Female ferret (jill)

A

induced ovulators, during estrus, vulva swells considerably, adrenal disease can cause vulva swells too

89
Q

Male ferret (hob)

A

like a dog, with the exception of J-shaped os penis
important clinically, because of the catheter placement
surrounds proximal urethra
adrenal disease affects its size too

90
Q

Ferret diet

A

-Most common: kibble (totally ferrett, mazuri ferret, marshall farms)
-Supplement to kibble: canned diet
treats: often comproised of cereals/sugars (avoide, use meat based or Ferretone instead

exotics (3 decks)

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