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Motor Control > Exam 3 (Lesson 9, 10, 11, 12) > Flashcards

Exam 3 (Lesson 9, 10, 11, 12) Flashcards

1
Q

Why mobility?

A
  • it is a key feature of our independence as human beings
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2
Q

Why posture control?

A

the ability to control our body’s position in space is FUNDAMENTAL to everything we do

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3
Q

Mobility

A

is an integral part of our everyday life

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4
Q

Primary goal of a patient is often to ______ ______

A

regain mobility

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5
Q

Progression

A

the ability to generate a rhythmic stepping pattern to move the body forward

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6
Q

Postural Control

A

the ability to ensure orientation and stability

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7
Q

Adaptability

A

the ability to adapt gait to changing task and environmental requirements

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8
Q

Stance Phase of Gait - Progression

A

stabilizing limb for weight bearing and generating forces to move the body for continued motion

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9
Q

Swing Phase of Gait - Progression

A

advancement of the swing leg to reposition the limb, and make sure toe clears the ground

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10
Q

Stair walking - Progression

A

generation of forces to propel the body upstairs (concentric) or to control the body’s descent downstairs (eccentric)

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11
Q

Transfer tasks - Progression

A
  • e. g getting up from a chair

- movement in a desired direction

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12
Q

Stance Phase - Stability/Postural Control

A
  • vertical forces support the body mass against gravity
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13
Q

Swing Phase - Stability/Postural Control

A
  • repositioning of the limb in preparation for weight acceptance
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14
Q

Stair walking - Stability/postural control

A

control of the CoM within a constantly changing base of support

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15
Q

Transfer Tasks - Stability/postural control

A
  • postural control
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16
Q

Stance Phase - Adaptability

A
  • changes in speed and direction or alterations in the support surface
17
Q

Swing phase - Adaptability

A

avoidance of obstacles by swing of foot

18
Q

Gait Variables

A
  • steps
  • stride length
  • velocity
  • ROM
  • Cadence
  • Toe In/Toe Out
19
Q

Gait Cycle - Phases

A
  • two main phases: Stance (60%) and swing (40%)
20
Q

Stance Phase

A
  • initial contact
  • loading response
  • mid stance
  • terminal stance
  • preswing
21
Q

Swing Phase

A
  • initial swing
  • mid-swing
  • terminal swing
22
Q

Step length

A

distance between contralateral foot strikes

23
Q

Stride length

A

distance from one foot strike to the next for the ipsilateral foot

24
Q

Velocity

A

m/ in research vs. 40 ft or 6 min in clinic

25
Q

Cadence

A

the number of steps within a unit time, often denoted as steps/minutes

26
Q

Locomotion in older adults

A
  • falls are the 7th leading cause of death in 75 y.o or older
  • many of the falls occur during walking
27
Q

Factors contributing to changes in gait parameters in older adults

A
  • balance/postural control
  • reduced sensory information
  • cognitive factors
  • changes in proactive and reactive locomotor abilities
  • pathology
  • aging
  • genetic and experiential components
28
Q

Temporal and Distance Parameters in Older Adults

A
  • decreased walking speed/decreased cadence
  • shorter stride length/shorter step length
  • longer double support phase/shorter single limb stance
  • decreased swing phase/increased stance phase
  • wider BOS/Increased stride width
29
Q

Kinematic Changes in Older Adults

A
  • decreased arm swing
  • decreased hip, knee, and ankle flexion
  • flatter foot on heel strike
  • decreased ability to co-vary hip/knee movement
  • decreased dynamic stability during stance
  • decreased vertical movement of the CoG/CoM
30
Q

Kinetic Changes in Older Adults

A
  • decreased power generation at push-off

- decreased power absorption at heel strike

31
Q

Muscle Activation Pattern in Older Adults

A
  • increased muscle activity level at specific points in the step cycle (increased effort to improve stability)
  • increased coactivation of agonist and antagonist muscles (increased stiffness)
32
Q

What is the reported minimal walking speed for an older adult to safely cross a city street?

A

1.4 m/s

33
Q

Proactive adaptation in Older Adults

A

proactive locomotor abilities change with age, taking longer time to adapt an upcoming step in order to avoid an obstacle

34
Q

Reactive Adaptation in Older Adults

A
  • trips: 35-47% of falls in older adults are due to tripping over an object
  • slips: account for 27-32% of falls and subsequent injuries
35
Q

Role of Pathology in Gait Changes

A
  • many subjects who are considered pathology-free show subtle pathologies, when being carefully examined
  • we can determine whether the changes are related to normal aging or to neurological pathology
36
Q

Cognitive Factors

A

attention is another important requirement for gait function

37
Q

Role of Pathology in Gait Changes - Sensory Impairments

A

visual, somatosensory (proprioceptive) and vestibular systems

38
Q

Role of Pathology in Gait Changes - Muscle Weakness

A

decrease in push-off power during gait is possibly related to muscle weakness

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