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Histology > Exam 3 Lecture Test > Flashcards

Exam 3 Lecture Test Flashcards

1
Q

What are Paneth cells?

A

-at base of crypts and produce defensins and other antibacterial enzymes

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2
Q

What cells in the epithelium are used for Ag sampling?

A

-“M” microfold cells

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3
Q

Another name for cells of the transitional epithelium of the urinary tract.

A

Umbrella cells (highly distensible)

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4
Q

Epithelial cells of the collecting ducts are _______ to water.

A

impermeable

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5
Q

3 cells of Islets of Langerhans

A

alpha (15-20%), beta (70%), gamma (5-10%)

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6
Q

Angiotensin II raises BP in three ways. What are they?

A
  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. Release of aldosterone (resorb Na and H2O in DCT)
  3. ADH secretion from posterior pituitary (resorb H2O from collecting tubule)
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7
Q

Bile flow is the _________ as/of blood flow.

A

opposite

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8
Q

Function of striated ducts?

A

-resorb Na, secrete K, lysozyme and IgA into saliva

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9
Q

This kind of hormone has another endocrine gland as its target.

A

Trophic hormones: TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH (thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, gonads)

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10
Q

Where is the MALT located in the small intestine?

A

-lamina propria and submucosa

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11
Q

Left and right sides of thyroid connected by a _______

A

narrow isthmus

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12
Q

Enamel comes from what germ layer?

A

-ectoderm

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13
Q

What does the zona reticularis secrete?

A

small amounts of glucocorticoids and androgens

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14
Q

Name of special phagocytes (macrophages?) associated with sinusoids and space of disse.

A

Kupffer cells

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15
Q

This kind of hormone has a non-endocrine target organ

A

direct acting hormones (GH, ADH, MSH, oxytocin, prolactin)

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16
Q

What is corpora arenacea?

A

calcified accretions fo Ca and Mg in pineal gland (brain sand)

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17
Q

What portion of the stratified squamos epithelium of tongue is keratinized?

A

-Anterior 2/3

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18
Q

Explain the cortico-medullary interstitial gradient. What part of the Loop of Henle is it located?

A

Na is resorbed into the ECS in medulla to create high extracellular gradient that forms a countercurrent exchange multiplier system that pulls more water out of the collecting duct to further concentrate urine (hypotonic urine). This Na resorption occurs in the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle

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19
Q

Effect of CCK on pancreas (I cells)

A

stimulates acinar cells to secrete zymogens

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20
Q

Failure to absorb bilirubin or conjugate it to glucuronide causes what condition?

A

Jaundice

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21
Q

What is pancreatitis

A

autodigestion of pancreas brought on by alcoholism

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22
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

(hypoandrenocorticism) failure of adrenal cortex to produce hormone. (usually caused by autoimmune disease)

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23
Q

Renal artery enters the kidney then turns into the ____ artery then the ______ artery then the _____ arterioles to glomeruli.

A
  1. interlobar
  2. arcuate
  3. affarent arterioles
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24
Q

Type of nephrons adjacent to medulla

A

juxtamedullary

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25
Q

Pigment found in many aging hepatocytes.

A

Lipofuscin

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26
Q

Another name for plica circulares?

A

-valves of Kerkring, submucosal core

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27
Q

The pituitary gland lies beneath the third ventricle in the ___________.

A

Sella turcica

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28
Q

What kind of epithelium lines ureters?

A

transitional (star shaped lumen)

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29
Q

Hepatic sinusoids are lined with what kind of endothelium?

A

Discontinuous endothelium (sinusoidal lining cells)

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30
Q

An ADH insufficiency leads to what?

A

High volume/dilute (hypotonic) urine.

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31
Q

Pinealocytes and neuroglial cells make up the pineal galnd. Which one secretes melatonin and which secretes serotonin?

A

Both secreted by the pinealocytes.

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32
Q

The terminal portion of the nephron forms collecting ducts which converge at the _________.

A

Renal papilla

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33
Q

Where is the endocrine pancreatic tissue located?

A

Islets of Langerhans

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34
Q

Why does the resorption of Na and secretion of H require two cells? Why can’t it be done with one?

A

The two separate cells allows for finer titration of H+ and K+ ions which is important for acid/base balancing.

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35
Q

Contents of saliva

A

-water, glycoproteins, proteins, enzymes, antibodies (IgA), inorganic acids, ions

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36
Q

What glands are in the submucosa of the duodenum?

A

-Brunner’s Glands: secrete mucus and zymogens

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37
Q

The parathyroid gland secretes what?

A

PTH which is antagonistic to calcintonin

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38
Q

What is the purpose of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?

A

regulate systemic blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

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39
Q

Type of cells that make up the Bowman’s capsule

A

squamous epithelial (resting on basement membrane)

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40
Q

How to ACE inhibitors work?

A

prevent conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin I by blocking action of ACE

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41
Q

Where are the stem cells in gastric glands?

A

-the neck

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42
Q

How much gastric juice is secreted by faveolae each day?

A

-about 2 liters per day

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43
Q

What are the three components of the JGA?

A
  • Macula densa: sensitive to changes in Na in filtrate
  • Juxtaglomerular cells: Sm Mm in wall of afferent arteriole that produce renin in resp to low BP
  • Extraglomerular mesangial cells: exact function is unclear, may assist in tubular glomerular feedback
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44
Q

Mostly see ______________ in the medulla.

A

Loop of Henle

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45
Q

What is ilithotripsy?

A

Tx of nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis with ultrasound

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46
Q

What are Meissner’s and Auerbach’s plexuses and what is the difference?

A

-both are PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA of GI tract. Meissner’s within submucosa, Auerbach’s within muscle layers

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47
Q

Produced by kidneys to stimulate RBC production

A

ereythropoietin

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48
Q

What are faveolae?

A

-gastric pits

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49
Q

Describe structure of taste buds

A

-oval shaped, 20-30 taste cells with hairs, covered by glycoprotein and sustentacular and basal cells

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50
Q

What do the gamma cells of the pancreas secrete?

A

somatostatin (inhibits both insulin and glucagon)

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51
Q

Two components of a renal corpuscle

A

Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus

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52
Q

What is the most numerous lingual papillae?

A

-Filiform (keratinized bristles)

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53
Q

The bit of oral ectoderm that migrates from the brain to form glandular tissue in region of pharynx.

A

Rathke’s pouch

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54
Q

Which pars secretes the bulk of anterior pituitary hormones?

A

pars distalis

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55
Q

Forms furrows on LATERAL of tongue. What salivary glands are they associated with?

A

-Foliate papillae, von Ebner’s glands

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56
Q

3 parts of Rathke’s Pouch

A
  1. Pars distalis: bulk of anterior pituitary
  2. Pars intermedia: secrete MSH and ACTH
  3. Pars tuberalis: extension of anterior pituitary (infundibulum)
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57
Q

Two secretions of the hypothalamus stored in granules (Herring bodies)

A

ADH and oxytocin

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58
Q

What acini make up each of the three salivary glands?

A

-Parotid: serous Sublingual: mucous Submandibular: mixed

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59
Q

How is the secondary dentition formed?

A

-enamel organs develop as buds from dental lamina and “deciduous” enamel organ

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60
Q

What type of cell covers the outside of the vermillion zone?

A

-Keratinized epidermis

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61
Q

What is talonid, bunodont, and hypsodont?

A

-talonid: flattened posterior surface, bunodont: low crowned, hypsodont: high crowned

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62
Q

The renal cortex contains mainly what two structures?

A

Renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules

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63
Q

Space between the sinusoidal lining cells and hepatocytes

A

Space of disse

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64
Q

What are the four layers of the GI tract?

A

-mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, adventitia

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65
Q

The “Classic Hepatic Lobule” is based on what?

A

blood flow

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66
Q

What structure is at the “corners” of each lobule?

A

Portal tracts (where blood enters the lobule to percolate through cells)

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67
Q

What epithelium makes up striated ducts?

A

-simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium

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68
Q

Adrenaline and noradrenaline are stored in what?

A

dense core granules

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69
Q

What are the two main salivary ducts? What glands are they linked to?

A

-Stenson’s: parotid Wharton’s: submandibular

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70
Q

What does APUD stand for?

A

Amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation

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71
Q

Space between glomerular basement membrane and podocytes.

A

subpodocyte space

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72
Q

The “jaws” start forming at what point of fetal development?

A

-6 weeks (horseshoe epithelial ridge

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73
Q

“The _________ is like the Venice of organs.”

A

Liver

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74
Q

Protein that makes up the filtration slits in between podocyte feet

A

nephrin

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75
Q

Exocrine function of the liver

A

bile synthesis and secretion (1 liter per day)

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76
Q

What are parafollicular cells and what do they secrete?

A

Secondary secretory cells in thyroid gland. Calcitonin

77
Q

What is Waldeyer’s Ring?

A

-Ring of tonsils with lingual tonsil made up of lymphoid tissue

78
Q

What is cystitis or pyelonephritis?

A

bacterial/fungal infection of the bladder

79
Q

Main components of cardia

A

-smooth Mm sphincter and mucus glands

80
Q

What is in dentin tubules?

A

-Tome’s fibers (cytoplasmic processes of odontoblasts.

81
Q

Majority of pancreas is endocrine or exocrine?

A

Exocrine

82
Q

What layer of epithelium does the lining mucosa lack? Is it keratinized?

A

stratum corneum, no

83
Q

4 part of Loop of Henle

A
  • pars recta
  • thin descending limb
  • thin ascending limb
  • thick ascending limb
84
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney. How many in each kidney?

A

Nephron. 500k in each (1 million per person)

85
Q

Main components of pylorus

A

-1’ mucus glands and smooth Mm pyloric sphincter

86
Q

Urethra is lined with what kind of epithelium?

A

stratified or pseudostratified columnar (with paraurethral mucus glands)

87
Q

Eosinophilic glycoprotein stored in thyroid gland follicles

A

thyroglobulin

88
Q

What is the connective tissue that surround the liver called?

A

Glisson’s capsule

89
Q

What is masticatory mucosa? Is it keratinized?

A

-present in high abrasion areas like gingiva and hard palate. It is keratinized or parakaratinized and maintain nuclei

90
Q

Action of ADH, where is it produced?

A

raises BP by increasing H2O resorption in collecting tubules. Supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus

91
Q

How many layers of muscle in stomach?

A

-three, inner circular, outer longitudinal, and inner oblique layers

92
Q

The simple columnar epithelium in the gallbladder have microvilli. What is their function?

A

water resorption to concentrate bile

93
Q

What cells contract around the acini to secrete saliva?

A

-myoepithelial

94
Q

Cells lining convex surface of enamel organ become what?

A

-external enamel epithelium

95
Q

How long are the D J and I?

A

-D is 25 cm, J is 2 m, I is 3 m

96
Q

Germ layer of pulp?

A

-mesoderm, resembles primitive mesenchyme

97
Q

What is the difference between cholelithiasis and choledocolithiasis?

A

Cholelithiasis: supersaturation of bile that produces gall stones

Choledocolithiasis: obstruction of bile ducts

98
Q

What type of cells make up the distal convoluted tubule? What is a distinct feature of them?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium. Short apical microvilli (no distinct brush border in lumen)

99
Q

What is another name for adventitia?

A

-serosa (visceral peritoneum)

100
Q

What layer of the mucosa contains lymphoid tissue, blood vessels, and glands?

A

-lamina propria

101
Q

What kind of cells line the esophagus?

A

-stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium

102
Q

Action of oxytocin, where is it produced?

A

promotes sm Mm contraction of uterus and breast. paraventricular nucleus of hypothalams

103
Q

Type of nephrons in outer rim of cortex

A

cortical or subcapsular

104
Q

What is the transition of epithelium from the colon to the rectum?

A

-simple columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium

105
Q

Dentin comes from what germ layer?

A

-mesoderm

106
Q

What is Hertwig’s root sheath?

A

epithelial sheath that determines cross section of tooth

107
Q

Where is T4 iodinated into T3?

A

Liver

108
Q

Visceral surface of bladder covered by _______ ________.

A

fibroblastic adventitia (serosa)

109
Q

Pulp is possible source of what (significant for future science)

A

-pluripotential stem cells

110
Q

Site where bile enters the duodenum

A

major duodenal papilla

111
Q

After passing through the glomerulus, the ultrafiltrate goes onto the _______

A

proximal convoluted tubule (renal tubule)

112
Q

Do endocrine glands have ducts?

A

No. They secrete hormones into the surrounding interstitial space

113
Q

What is the origin of dental pulp?

A

-Pulp is formed from the leftover dental papilla which is mesodermal mesenchyme

114
Q

What are the two types of secretory parathyroid cells?

A

Chief: PTH
Oxyphil: large # of mitochondria and unknown function

115
Q

What is the order of odontogenesis?

A

-ameloblasts induce diff of odontoblasts which deposit pre-dentin. The calcification of predentin triggers deposition of enamel by ameloblasts

116
Q

Unique structure on lumen of proximal convoluted tubule

A

brush border/microvilli

117
Q

Endocrine functions of the liver

A
  • synth of plasma prot
  • synth of glucose
  • gluconeogenesis
  • storage and release fo glycogen, lipids, and lipoproteins
  • Vit A and D storage (story about polar bears)
118
Q

How thick is crevicular epithelium?

A

-2-3 cells thick

119
Q

What is the water soluble form of bilirubin?

A

Bilirubin glucuronide

120
Q

Portal Lobule boundaries are based on what?

A

bile flow

121
Q

What hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary allows the epithelial cells of the collecting ducts to become permeable to water?

A

ADH (vasopressin)

122
Q

How deep are the anal glands?

A

-into the muscularis externa, secrete mucus

123
Q

What is the mucosa on the dorsal surface of the tongue?

A

-specialized mucosa

124
Q

What is the primary nitrogenous waste product in mammals?

A

Urea (as opposed to the insoluble uric acid)

125
Q

another name for secondary foot processes

A

pedicels

126
Q

What are enkephalins?

A

endogenous opiates

127
Q

Mucosa is divided into three layers. What are they?

A

-epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa

128
Q

Support cells in the infundibulum/posterior pituitary.

A

Pituicytes

129
Q

Name of surface layer of glycoproteins that give capillary endothelium in the glomerulus its negative charge

A

podocalyxin

130
Q

The prostatic urethra is lined with what epithelium? Different from rest of urethra.

A

transitional epithelium

131
Q

What allows communication between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

A

The hypopheseal portal system.

132
Q

You may see islands of epithelial cells in the periodontal ligament. This is not carcinoma this is……

A

-epithelial rests of Malassez

133
Q

What is membrane digestion?

A

-involves enzyme of glycocalyx on plasma membrane of enterocytes

134
Q

PTH increases serum calcium in what three ways?

A
  1. incr osteoclast activity
  2. incr renal tubular absorption of Ca in kidneys
  3. incr absorptio of Ca fromgut via Vit D
135
Q

What are columns of Morgani?

A

-longitudinal folds in anus

136
Q

What starts the pancreatic zymogen cascade?

A

-enterokinase –> trypsin –> chymotrypsin

137
Q

What is the purpose of the principal cells and intercalated cells of the distal convoluted tubule? What controls these two cells?

A

Principal: resorb Na and water, secrete K
Intercalated: resorb K, secrete H

These cells are controlled by aldosterone

138
Q

What glands are in the colon?

A

-large #s of goblet cells in epithelium and colonic glands in submucosa

139
Q

What is Cushing’s disease?

A

(hyperandrenocorticism) 1’ adrenal hyperplasia or functional tumor. 2’ (classical form) incr ACTH from ant pituitary signals for more secretion of glucocorticoids

140
Q

Of the three acinus zones, which is the most susceptible to toxic injury and which is most susceptible to ischemic injury?

A

Zone 1: (perilobular zone) toxic injury

Zone 3: (centrolobular zone) ischemic injury

141
Q

Most tubules in the cortex are ________ ________ tubules.

A

proximal convoluted

142
Q

Four zones of the renal tubule

A
  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • Loop of Henle
  • Distal convoluted tubule
  • Collecting tubule/duct
143
Q

Two classes of secretory cells of anterior pituitary

A

Chromophils and chromophobes

144
Q

What is the purpose of the enterokinase –> chymotrypsin cascade?

A

To keep the pancreas from digesting itself

145
Q

When chyme enters the duodenum, it triggers the secretion of what from what cells?

A

-CCK and secretin from APUD cells

146
Q

What is familial dysautonomia?

A

-total absence of taste buds

147
Q

What is the space between villi called?

A

-Crypts of Lieberkuhn

148
Q

Type of nephrons in middle of cortex

A

intermediate

149
Q

The renal medulla contains mainly what three structures?

A

Loops of Henle, collecting tubules, and collecting ducts

150
Q

What are the mushroom shaped papillae with taste buds on dorsal surface?

A

-Fungiform (look like mushroom)

151
Q

Why do the afferent arterioles of the glomerulus drain into efferent arterioles and not venules?

A

Because the pressure is too high for venules

152
Q

What coordinates the endocrine functions of the body?

A

Hypothalamus

153
Q

Effect of secretin on pancreas (S cells)

A

stimulates secretion of bicarbonate by cells of intercalated ducts

154
Q

Nephrons are derived from ________ blastema which is part of developing _______ ridge.

A

nephrogenic, urogenital

155
Q

The adrenal cortex originates from what germ layer?

A

mesodermal

156
Q

Cytoplasmic processes of podocytes

A

foot processes

157
Q

Row of 8 to 12 large dome shaped papillae. What landmark are they anterior to?

A

-Circumvallate papillae, sulcus terminalis

158
Q

Pancreatic acinar cells empty their zymogens into _____________ ducts which then empty into _________ ducts which then empty into ___________ ducts.

A
  1. Intercalated
  2. Intralobular
  3. Inter(extra)lobular
159
Q

Capillaries that supply the pulp come from where?

A

-periodontal ligament

160
Q

Primary site of water/protein, AA, and sugar resorption in nephron

A

proximal convoluted tubule

161
Q

What is a hepatic acinus? Review these lecture slides!

A

diamond shaped region between neighboring central Vv

162
Q

Bile is synthesized by ______ and secreted into a network of bile ________.

A

hepatocytes, canaliculi

163
Q

Is T3 or T4 active

A

T3

164
Q

Germ layer of cementum?

A

-mesoderm

165
Q

Which kind of ulcer is “preferred” and why?

A

-Peptic ulcers are easier to treat because they are in the duodenum

166
Q

Produced by kidneys to regulate BP

A

Renin

167
Q

Where are chromaffin cells. What do they secrete?

A

adrenal medulla, catecholamines

168
Q

Which layer of the adrenal cortex secretes glucocorticoids (cortisol?

A

zona fasciculata

169
Q

What gland secretes melatonin and serotonin?

A

Pineal gland

170
Q

Which layer of the adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone?

A

zona glomerulosa

171
Q

What fibers support hepatic cords and sinusoids? What type of collagen are they made of?

A

Reticulin, Type III

172
Q

Name for epithelium lining the adventitia/serosa/mesentery?

A

-mesothelium

173
Q

Name of cells on visceral layer of bowman’s capsule

A

podocytes

174
Q

What percentage of the blood from the digestive system is sent through the hepatic portal system?

A

75-80%

175
Q

How many types of cells are in gastric glands? What are they?

A
  • 5
  • mucus secreting cells: luminal surface and upper third of pit
  • acid secreting cells: parietal cells secrete HCl and intrinsic factor, middle third of gland, 1 yr
  • pepsin secreting cells: chief/peptic/zymogenic, 1 yr
  • APUD cells:
    • G: gastrin stim secr of HCl and pepsin
    • D: somatostatin inhibits gastrin
    • S: secretin inhibits gastric secretion and stim smooth Mm contraction
176
Q

Effect of gastrin on pancreas (G cells)

A

stimulates secretion of pancreatic fluid

177
Q

What vitamin is converted to its active form in the kidneys (also in the liver)

A

Vitamin D

178
Q

Which cranial nerves innervate the tongue anterior and posterior to the sulcus terminalis?

A

Anterior: CN V. Posterior: CN IX

179
Q

How much bile can the gallbladder store?

A

about 100mL

180
Q

What makes the periodontal ligament?

A

-collagenous fibers aka Sharpey’s fibers

181
Q

What muscle group forms the longitudinal layer of the colon?

A

-taenia coli

182
Q

What is the vasa recta?

A

peritubular capillary network surrounding the Loop of Henle

183
Q

Name of occasional fat storing cells between hepatocytes

A

Ito Cells

184
Q

Effect of enterokinase on pancreatic secretions

A

converts trypsinogen to trypsin which converts chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin (digest proteins)

185
Q

What germ layers does the tongue originate from?

A

-Posterior 1/3: mesoderm Anterior 2/3: ectoderm

186
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

bile pigment. Non soluble breakdown product of Hb

187
Q

Most common type of chromohile

A

Somatotrophes: 50%, secrete GH

188
Q

Two major components of a nephron

A

Renal corpuscle and renal tubule

189
Q

Main component/function of fundus

A

-glandular portion of stomach

Histology (4 decks)

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