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Exam 3 lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Testes function

A

production of gametes and testosterone

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2
Q

duct system organs

A

(epididymis & vas deferens)

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3
Q

Duct system function

A

receive, mature and transport male gametes

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4
Q

accessory gland organs

A

prostate gland, bulbourethral gland and seminal vesicle

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5
Q

accessory gland function

A

secrete fluids that support sperm and generate the bulk of semen

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6
Q

penis function

A

transmit semen

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7
Q

what are the 3 stages of spermatogenesis?

A
  1. mitosis
  2. meiosis
  3. spermiogenesis
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8
Q

where do spematogenesis and spemiogenesis occur?

A

in the seminiferous tubules of testes

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9
Q

mitosis

A

spematogonia undergo mitosis to form primary spermatocytes (2N)

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10
Q

meiosis

A

primary spematocytes undergo meiosis to form secondary spermatocytes (2N) & then spermatids (1N) which are haploid

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11
Q

spermiogensis

A

spermatids mature into spematozoa with development of acrosome & flagella and with loff of most of cell cytoplam

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12
Q

what stage is mostly morphological changes?

A

spermiogenesis (condense chromosomes, elongate, lose cytoplasm, acrosome & flagella formed)

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13
Q

spermatozoa

A
  • are fully differentiated

- head(acrosomal cap) & tail (mitocondria)

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14
Q

how fast can spematozoa move?

A

1-4mm/min

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15
Q

How many sperm are produced/day

A

120 million sperm/day

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16
Q

how much sperm is in semen

A

120 million sperm/ml semen

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17
Q

what is the pH of semen?

A

7.5

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18
Q

what is the lifespan of sperm in the female?

A

24-48 hours

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19
Q

composition of semen

A

fluid & sperm from the vas deferens (10%), fluid from seminal vesicles (60%), fluid from prostate (30%) and small amounts of mucus from bulbourethral glands

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20
Q

what secretes testosterone?

A

leydig cells which are stimulated by LH

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21
Q

MOA of testosterone production

A
  • lipophilic (diffuses into cell)
  • most is converted into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by 5lpha-reductase
  • DHT binds to androgen receptors in the cytoplasm
  • then enters the nucleus and binds to the hormone response element to induce gene transcriptions and protein synthesis
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22
Q

where are leydig cells located?

A

interstitial tissue in seminal vesicles

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23
Q

what is the more active form of testosterone?

A

DHT

3X greater affinity for androgen receptors than testosterone

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24
Q

what enzyme converts testosterone to DHT?

A

5 alpha-reductase

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25
what else can testosterone be converted into?
estradiol via aromatase
26
what cells have aromatase to make estrogen to help with spematogenesis?
sertoli cells
27
functions of testosterone
development of 1* &2* sex characteristics, increased bone growth & Ca retention, increases RBC, increases basal metabolism
28
what is the primary sex charcteristic?
enlargement of male sexual organs
29
what are the secondary sex characteristics?
body hair (pubis, chest, abs, face, back), baldness, enlargement of larynx (lowering of voice), increased skin thickness & acne (increased sebaceous gland secretions) and increased protein production and muscle development
30
where is gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secreted?
hypothalamus
31
what does GnRH do?
stimulate ant. pit. to secrete LH and FSH
32
what stimulates sertoli cells to initiate spematogenesis?
FSH
33
what stimulates leydig cells to secrete testosterone?
LH
34
inhibin
secreted by sertoli cells and provides feedback to ant. pit.
35
Where are PS impulses that lead to an erection generated?
sacral spinal cord
36
an erection is achieved entirely by
resulting hemodynamic changes
37
erectile tissue of the penis
- 2 corpus cavernose | - corpus spongiosum
38
erectile tissue is surrounded by
a dense collagenous sheath
39
arterial inflow and venous outflow are balanced when?
in flaccid state
40
arterial blood flow increases during
erection. Causes sinusoids of corposa to fill & leads to penile swelling and elongation
41
PS impulses in an erection
- dilate the arteries of the penis - generate nitric oxide (NO)-> incr. guanylate cyclase -> incr. cGMP-> decr,. intracellular Ca-> decr. SMC contraction-> vasodilation-> incr. blood flow-> expansion of the corpus cavernosum which squish veins & trap blood-> ERECTION
42
Sympatheric impulses cause
emission and ejaculation
43
emission
contraction of vas deferns, prostate gland & seminal vesicles which propel sperm & semen into urethra
44
what stimulates ejaculation?
filling of the urethra with semen
45
ejaculation
rhythmic, wavelike increases in pressure in the genital ducts and urethra which causes propulsion of the semen from the urethra
46
resolution
sexual excitement disappears and erection ceases
47
drugs that can cause ED
anticholinergics, DA antagonists, estrogens/antiandrogens, CNS depressants, agents that decr. penile blood flow (diuretics, BB, CNS sympatholytics)
48
causes of ED
- vascular problems: atherosclerosis, PVD, HTN - peripheral neuropathies, DM - endocrine- hypogonadism, inc. prolactin - psychogenic: depression, anxiety - drug induced
49
cGMP cause
vasodilation of erectile tissue-> erection
50
what degrades cGMP?
PDE5
51
what drugs are PDEe inhibitors?
sildenafil, tadalafi and vardenafil HCL | - competitively &reversibly inhibit PDE5
52
where else is PDE5 found?
peripheral vascular tissue, tracheal smooth muscle and platelets
53
primary hypogonadism
< activity of testes-> decr. testosterone or other defect impairing male sexual function - starts with testicles - serum testosterone & sperm count are LOW and LH/FSH are HIGH
54
secondary hypogonadism
improper GnRH signaling-> lack of LH-> lack of andogens. also lack of FSH-> lack of sertoli cells in sufficient numbers - ant. pit or hypothalamus - testosterone & sperm LOW, FSH/LH LOW ot normal
55
androgen insensitivity
- lack of functional androgen receptors | - 5 alpha-reductase deficiency
56
andropause
- condition of reduced testosterone associated with diffuse sexual, physical and psychological symptoms - often called late-onset hypogonadism (LOH)
57
can testosterone be given orally as a free drug?
no! shows rapid first pass metabolism
58
common testosterone replacement theraoy
- testosterone esters: more lipophilic; given IM - alkylated androgens: slower hepatic metabolism & can be given orally; less andogenic than testosterone; may cause hepatotoxicity - transdermal patch or gel: lipophilic; avoids first pass metabolism
59
ADE of testosterone
acne, male pattern baldness, gynecomastia, reduced sperm production, aggressive behavior, Na retention, predispose to prostatic hyperplasia or cancer-> decreased urinary flow rate, increased Hct, sleep apnea, oral-hepatotoxicity
60
gynecomastia
abnormal development of large mammary glands in males
61
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
cell proliferation-> gland enlargement | - urinary urgency, frequency, straining, dribbling
62
prostate cancer is treated with
androgen receptor agonists like flutamide
63
what is the most common cause of death from cancer in men over 75?
prostate cancer
64
most commonly used androgenic-anabolic steroids (AAS)
include testosterone esters- nandrolone, stanozolol, mathandienone, methenolol
65
what are the effects of long term AAS use?
suppresses LH/FSH and inhibits testosterone production & spermatogenesis - associated with sexual dysfunction, infertility & depression - can cause dependence

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