Exam 3 lecture 1

Question 1

Divide the brain into 3 regions

Answer 1

Hindbrain
Midbrain
forebrain

Question 2

What are the notable structures in each region of the brain

Answer 2

hindbrain- medulla, pons, cerebellum

Midbrain- Substantia nigra

forebrain- cerebral cortex
-basal ganglia (striatum, globus pallidus, subthalmic nucleus)
-limbic system (hippocampus, amygdala)
- diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus)

Question 3

Functions of medulla

Answer 3

autonomic functions

centers for controlling respiration, cardiac function, vasomotor responses, reflexes (coughing)

Question 4

functions of pons

Answer 4

It is a “bridge” Relays signals from forebrain to cerebellum

Question 5

Functions of cerebellum

Answer 5

Governs motor coordinations for producing smooth movements

Question 6

Pathogenic response of cerebellum

Answer 6

Undergoes neurodegeneration in spinocerebellar ataxias

Question 7

function of substantia nigra pars compacta

Answer 7

Provides input to basal ganglia. supplies dopamine to striatum

also involved in voluntary motor control

Question 8

pathogenic response of substantia nigra

Answer 8

Undergoes neurodegeneration in PD (parkinsons disease)

Question 9

where is striatum located

Answer 9

frontal end of basal ganglia

Question 10

Function of substantia nigra pars reticulata

Answer 10

relays signals from basal ganglia

Question 11

function of cortex

Answer 11

Involved in processing and interpreting information
involved in higher level function

Question 12

basal ganglia function

Answer 12

voluntary motor control and some cognitive functions

Question 13

limbic system function

Answer 13

Emotions (amygdala), memory (hippocampus)

Question 14

diencephalon function

Answer 14

Thalamus-
hypothalamus- regulates internal homeostasis and hormonal control through pituitary gland

Question 15

decisions are made in _________ about how to interpret and act on the incoming sensory information

Answer 15

corticothalamic loops

Question 16

damage to cortex affects

Answer 16

Movement
speech
personality

Question 17

Name a disease of the frontal cortex

Answer 17

Schizophrenia

Question 18

what are the brain structures directly involved in involuntary functions

Answer 18

Hypothalamus and medulla

Question 19

know structure location of medulla, pons, midbrain, thalamus, cerebellum and cortex for exam

Question 20

CNS consists of what kind of cells

Answer 20

Neurons and glial cells

Question 21

name glial cells

Answer 21

Astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia

Question 22

Role of astrocytes

Answer 22

provide neurons with growth factors, antioxidants

remove excess glutamate

support BBB

Question 23

Role of oligodendrocyte

Answer 23

Produce myelin sheath that insulates axons

Question 24

Role of microglia

Answer 24

Provide GF
clear debris (myelin debris) by phagocytes
role in neuroinflammation

Question 25

Tight junction use

Answer 25

stabilizes BBB

Question 26

What are dendrites

Answer 26

Finger like protrusions that receive signal and transfer to soma (neuron body)

Question 27

neurotransmission is triggered by

Answer 27

electrical depolarization of the neuron (influx of Na+ ions)

Question 28

signal received by dendrites make way to

Answer 28

soma and down to axon

Question 29

action potentials last

Answer 29

0.2-0.5ms

Question 30

what is refractory period

Answer 30

Period after action potential (hyperpolarized phase) during which a neuron will not fire again

Question 31

explain action potential steps

Answer 31

Initial state is negative

Na+ channels open and Na+ flows in and changes charge

K+ channels turn on and K+ gets moved out and become negative

hyperpolarized- overshoot negative

Question 32

do excitatory depolarization change size (magnitude) or frequency in which they occur

Answer 32

frequency

Question 33

How do inhibitory signals work

Answer 33

Makes neuron less likely to pass threshold

Question 34

What is EPSPs

Answer 34

Excitatory post synaptic potential

EPSPs are weak signals that do not clear threshold (subthreshold depolarization)

Question 35

What is IPSP

Answer 35

inhibitory post synaptic potential

Question 36

How do IPSPs work

Answer 36

Inhibitory neurotransmitters induce hyperpolarization by allowing Cl- ions to cross membrane

Question 37

How do IPSPs affect EPSPs

Answer 37

IPSPs can reduce magnitude of subsequent EPSPs

Question 38

Lifecycle of neurotransmitter (diagram will be on exam)

Answer 38

1.Pre synaptic neuron
2. Neurotransmitter is synthesized
3. packaged into vesicle (store)
4. fusion at membrane due to action potential
5. neurotransmitter is released and it can act on receptor on post synaptic neuron
6. neurotransmitter gets uptaken back into presynaptic neuron through transporter (glutamate can be removed from synapse by astrocyte)
7. degradation of neurotransmitter