Exam 3 lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Divide the brain into 3 regions

A

Hindbrain
Midbrain
forebrain

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2
Q

What are the notable structures in each region of the brain

A

hindbrain- medulla, pons, cerebellum

Midbrain- Substantia nigra

forebrain- cerebral cortex
-basal ganglia (striatum, globus pallidus, subthalmic nucleus)
-limbic system (hippocampus, amygdala)
- diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus)

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3
Q

Functions of medulla

A

autonomic functions

centers for controlling respiration, cardiac function, vasomotor responses, reflexes (coughing)

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4
Q

functions of pons

A

It is a “bridge” Relays signals from forebrain to cerebellum

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5
Q

Functions of cerebellum

A

Governs motor coordinations for producing smooth movements

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6
Q

Pathogenic response of cerebellum

A

Undergoes neurodegeneration in spinocerebellar ataxias

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7
Q

function of substantia nigra pars compacta

A

Provides input to basal ganglia. supplies dopamine to striatum

also involved in voluntary motor control

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8
Q

pathogenic response of substantia nigra

A

Undergoes neurodegeneration in PD (parkinsons disease)

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9
Q

where is striatum located

A

frontal end of basal ganglia

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10
Q

Function of substantia nigra pars reticulata

A

relays signals from basal ganglia

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11
Q

function of cortex

A

Involved in processing and interpreting information
involved in higher level function

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12
Q

basal ganglia function

A

voluntary motor control and some cognitive functions

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13
Q

limbic system function

A

Emotions (amygdala), memory (hippocampus)

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14
Q

diencephalon function

A

Thalamus-
hypothalamus- regulates internal homeostasis and hormonal control through pituitary gland

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15
Q

decisions are made in _________ about how to interpret and act on the incoming sensory information

A

corticothalamic loops

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16
Q

damage to cortex affects

A

Movement
speech
personality

17
Q

Name a disease of the frontal cortex

A

Schizophrenia

18
Q

what are the brain structures directly involved in involuntary functions

A

Hypothalamus and medulla

19
Q

know structure location of medulla, pons, midbrain, thalamus, cerebellum and cortex for exam

20
Q

CNS consists of what kind of cells

A

Neurons and glial cells

21
Q

name glial cells

A

Astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia

22
Q

Role of astrocytes

A

provide neurons with growth factors, antioxidants

remove excess glutamate

support BBB

23
Q

Role of oligodendrocyte

A

Produce myelin sheath that insulates axons

24
Q

Role of microglia

A

Provide GF
clear debris (myelin debris) by phagocytes
role in neuroinflammation

25
Tight junction use
stabilizes BBB
26
What are dendrites
Finger like protrusions that receive signal and transfer to soma (neuron body)
27
neurotransmission is triggered by
electrical depolarization of the neuron (influx of Na+ ions)
28
signal received by dendrites make way to
soma and down to axon
29
action potentials last
0.2-0.5ms
30
what is refractory period
Period after action potential (hyperpolarized phase) during which a neuron will not fire again
31
explain action potential steps
Initial state is negative Na+ channels open and Na+ flows in and changes charge K+ channels turn on and K+ gets moved out and become negative hyperpolarized- overshoot negative
32
do excitatory depolarization change size (magnitude) or frequency in which they occur
frequency
33
How do inhibitory signals work
Makes neuron less likely to pass threshold
34
What is EPSPs
Excitatory post synaptic potential EPSPs are weak signals that do not clear threshold (subthreshold depolarization)
35
What is IPSP
inhibitory post synaptic potential
36
How do IPSPs work
Inhibitory neurotransmitters induce hyperpolarization by allowing Cl- ions to cross membrane
37
How do IPSPs affect EPSPs
IPSPs can reduce magnitude of subsequent EPSPs
38
Lifecycle of neurotransmitter (diagram will be on exam)
1.Pre synaptic neuron 2. Neurotransmitter is synthesized 3. packaged into vesicle (store) 4. fusion at membrane due to action potential 5. neurotransmitter is released and it can act on receptor on post synaptic neuron 6. neurotransmitter gets uptaken back into presynaptic neuron through transporter (glutamate can be removed from synapse by astrocyte) 7. degradation of neurotransmitter
39