Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GESCI 201 Natural Disasters Exam 1 > Exam 3-Landslides & Floods > Flashcards

Exam 3-Landslides & Floods Flashcards

1
Q
  • Material (clay)
  • Removing material at the base of a slope (construction)
  • Underlying geology (rock structure)
  • Vegetation, loss of (fire, deforestation)
  • Volcanoes
  • Water-sudden increase (rain, melting snow)
A

What contrinbutes to or triggers mass wasting?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The steepest angle a slope can maintain without collapsing; typically 34 degress for loose materials like sand.

A

Angle of Repose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A slope ratio with the idea that for every two feet horizontally, it should only go up 1 foot vertically

A

2:1 Ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  • Slowest type of mass wasting that happens in many places

* Can be recognized by its effects: cracked foundation, J (or curved) trees, displaced fences

A

Creep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  • A rotational slide where an entire block moves along a curved surface; always occur along a curved surface of failure
  • Underneath it looks like it got scooped out
  • evidence: leaves behind a scarp (little cliff) or terraces, associated with other types of landslides, lumpy ground at the end (old slump), coherent (material moves as one mass)
A

Slump

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A large mass of rocks that move down as one coherent mass

A

Rockslide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Individual rocks falling down

A

Rock Fall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A coherent mass that occurs near slumps in wet/humid areas

A

Earth Flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

A muddy, watery type of mass wasting; almost looks like muddy water but leaves behind a lot of sediment

A

Mudslide/Mudflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
  • add terraces or grade the slope
  • avoid building in or altering the slope
  • build retaining walls, fences, or use nets
  • draining water
  • planting vegetation
A

How to stabilize/prevent and reduce mass wasting.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  • In general-anywhere with hills or mountains
  • In the US., California, because it is part of an accretionary wedge (loose ocean sediment (melange), climate (dry/wet), & earthquakes
A

Where do landslides occur the most (areas that are most susceptible)?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sediments, the top layer of material on a tectonic plate, that accumulate and deform where oceanic and continental plates collide. These sediments are scraped off the top of the downgoing oceanic crustal plate and are appended to the edge of the continental plate.

A

Accretionary wedge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  • climate (rains a lot, flat)
  • close to a river or large body of water
  • Urbanization-we lose natural ground cover, add concrete
A

What factors increase flooding/flood risk?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  • climate (rains a lot, flat)
  • close to a river or large body of water
  • Urbanization-we lose natural ground cover, add concrete
A

What factors increase flooding/flood risk?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  • Pro-holds water in a reservoir where water can be released gradually
  • Con-can fail and has environmental consequences
A

Dams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

*Pros: water has to be higher to flood
*Cons: can fail, break or water goes over them(almost tsunami like)
can create bottlenecks & flooding upstream; promotes development in the flood plain.

A

Levees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Small channels that weave in and out and happen where there is a lot of sediment; have fast moving water which causes more erosion

A

Braided River

18
Q

Wide, looping curves that happens on flat plains; s-curves

A

Meandering River

19
Q

A misnomer, that really means there is a 1 in 100 chance of flood or 1% chance flood; a 1% chance of a flood of that size occuring every year

A

100 year flood

20
Q

Speed at which water moves through its channel

A

Velocity

21
Q

On the outside of a bend; erosion occurs (meandering)

A

Where does water move the fastest in a river?

22
Q

How much water is moving per time i.e. cubic feet or cubic meters per second; volume/time; how much water is moving past a certain point.

  • bigger drainage basin=bigger discharge
  • is usually greater after a storm
A

Discharge

23
Q

an area of low-lying ground adjacent to a river, formed mainly of river sediments and subject to flooding.

A

Floodplain

24
Q

Wedge-shaped pile of sediment that forms at the mouth of desert canyons

A

Alluvial fan

25
Q
  • April 1983
  • Debris/Mudflow (1 mile long, 1/4 mile wide, 200 ft thick
  • Highest recorded precipitation +rapid snow melt
  • Canyon with thick layer of shale (clay) & mudstone
  • $400 million economic toll, most expensive natural landslide in US History)
  • Destroyed US Highway 6/50 and railroad; cut supply route of coal to markets
A

Thistle, Utah

26
Q
  • May 31, 1970
  • Country’s largest earthquake M7.8 collapse their highest peak, Huascaran
  • Rock avalanche landed on a glacier, sped down mountain up to 180 mph
  • 25,000 people killed, deadliest single landslide
  • Citizens were relocated.
A

Yungay, Peru

27
Q
  • May 31, 1970
  • Caused by country’s largest earthquake M7.8, collapse of highest peak, Huascaran.
  • Rock avalanche land on a glacier, allsped down mountain up to 180 mph
  • 25,000 people killer, deadliest single landslide
  • Citizens were relocated amid protest
A

Yungay, Peru

28
Q
  • 1903
  • Killed about 70 people
  • Ice wedging weakened highly fractured, steeply tilted bedrock.
  • Rock avalanche fell 3000 feet, speeding boulders over a mile out into the valley
  • Mountain is monitored by an array of instruments.
A

Frank, Alberta, Canada

29
Q
  • March 22, 2014, 10:37 am
  • America’s deadliest landslide
  • 43 people killed
  • Soft glacial sediments failed on a prevous landslide
  • River had undercut the hillside (oversteep); Heavy rain triggered
  • Slump became a rapid mudflow
  • No homes now
A

Oso, Washington

30
Q
  • 2005
  • 10 people killed
  • Debris/mud flow
  • Sea cliffs of weak material (sand, silt) saturated by heavy rain.
  • previous mudflow (1995) reactivated
  • Happened during an atmospheric river (pineapple express)
A

LaConchita, California

31
Q
  • 1963
  • Newly built-Europe’s highest dam (800 feet) caused a landslide
  • Massive flood; kill about 2500, including 800 children
  • High pore pressure weakened bedrock in the submerged cliff walls, tilted shale layer allowed sliding.
  • Landslide 1.5 miles wide fell into the reservoir pushing all the water over the dam.
  • No dam failure.
A

Vaiont (Vajont) Dam Disaster, Italy

32
Q
  • July 9, 1958
  • Earthquake triggered a massive rockfall, which landed in the bay
  • Tsunami-highest run-up ever recorded (1700 feet)
  • 5 killed, father-son fishermen rode over the wave in their boat
A

Lituya Bay, Alaska

33
Q
  • Dec 1920
  • M8 Earthquake triggered landslides (>200)
  • In soft loess (windblown) soils
  • 200,000 killed (or more); half in landslides
  • Mudlofws, debris flows, slumps
  • Landslides blocked rivers, creating dams and floods
  • buried several cities
A

Haiyuan, China

34
Q
  • 1976 and 2013
  • 143 people killed in 1976; only 8 in 2013 due to mitigation measures
  • America’s deadliest flash flood
  • both caused by heavy rainfall
  • $35 million damage, destroyed 418 homes in 1976
  • 2.9 billion, 1500 homes destroyed and 11,000 damanged in 2013
A

Big Thompson Flood (Colorado)

35
Q
  • 1862 and 1964
  • Bankrupted the states
  • Caused by heavy rainfall from atmospheric rivers (30+ inches in a few days)
  • 1862 affected San Francisco to San Diego
  • 1964 affected Norther part of the state and southern Oregon; Destroyed parts of every highway in Nor Ca., cutting off towns
  • If repeated today would flood 10 million people
  • big fraction of all livestock killed 25% of all property damaged
A

California Floods

36
Q
  • 1931
  • Deadliest disaster in modern times
  • up to 4 million killed
  • All major rivers in the country flooded (Yellow, Yangtse)
  • Spread over an area great than thte size of Great Britain
  • Most deaths were due to disease and starvation.
A

China Flooding

37
Q
  • 2002
  • Affected many ancient cities in Germandy, Russia, Austria, Hungary, and the Czech Republic
  • Europe’s costliest natural disaster
  • about $20 billion
  • Mitigation following: new levees raised riverbanks, flood walls
A

Danube River Flood

38
Q
  • 1889
  • 2209 people killed, many were children
  • deadliest American flood
  • Caused because of dam failure from heavy rain.; poorly built, poorly maintained earthen dam
  • Dam was privately owned by some of America’s wealthiest men ( Carnegie, Frick, and Mellon)
  • Trial of the century; laws changed to forbid privately owned dams and required engineering standards.
A

The Great Johnstown Flood

39
Q
  • 15,000 to 13,000 years ago, happened at least 25 times.
  • discharge 10x all of Earth’s river combined
  • Cause because a 2500ft thick glacier blocked Clark Fork river in Northen Idaho. Ice dam burst, unleashing the flood,
  • took 55 years to rebuild the ice dam
  • largest floods known in Earth’s history
  • Helped carve the Columbia River Gorge
A

Lake Missoula Ice Age Floods

40
Q
  • 1993
  • Caused by months of heavy precipitation
  • Flooded 9 midwestern states, centered in Iowa
  • $20 billion economic toll
  • costliest flood in American History
  • Levee failure
  • Levee failure in St Louis created a bottleneck increasing flooding upstream.
A

Mississippi River Flood

41
Q
  • August 26 to early September 2017
  • 106 killed, about
  • $150 to $180 billion economic toll
  • Rainfall averaged 30 in in Houston area, maximum was 60 inches
A

Hurricane Harvey Flooding

GESCI 201 Natural Disasters Exam 1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions