Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

bio > exam 3 keiser > Flashcards

exam 3 keiser Flashcards

1
Q

what is evolution

A

change in the genetic compostiion of populations over time/alelle frequencies across generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Evolutionary theory

A

how and why evolution occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Evolutionary theory

A

how and why evolution occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

foundations of evolutions

A

variation, natural selection, heritability, genetic drift, common ancestors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

variation

A

genotypes influence different phenotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

heritability

A

phenotypes are passed down from parents to offspring via genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

heritability

A

phenotypes are passed down from parents to offspring via genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

genetic drift

A

more variation can arise through mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

decesent with modifcation

A

charles darwin and lyell’s theory about evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

endemic species

A

exist in only one location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

alfred wallace

A

co founder of evolution, mostly known for biogeography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

evolutionary synthesis

A

happened afte rhte discovery of mendelian genetics, reconciled evolution and genetics (1950s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

fitness

A

: the sucess of a pheontype regarding survival and reproductive capability RELATIVE TO OTHER PHENOTYPES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

adaption

A

beneficial trait that spreads through a population by natural selection (also the process that produces it)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what generates variation

A

mutation and migration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what reduces variation (sometimes)

A

selection and nonrandom mating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

mutations

A

changes in nucleotide sequences taht occur in individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

genetic drift

A

small changes in allele freuence that produce large changes over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

when is genetic drift most effect

A

in small popualtions, with neutral mutations over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

allele frequency

A

the proportion of each allele in the “gene pool”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does at allele frequence of 1.0 / 0.5/ 0 mean?

A

1.0 - everyone has this allele (fixation)
0.5 = half of the population has this allele
0 = no one has this allele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

population bottlenecks

A

caused by extreme declines in populaiton size, reducing genetic variation in the survivng population (elephant seals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

founder effects

A

initiation of a new population with fewer individuals, reducing variation in the survivng population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

migration

A

movemnet of alleles from one population to another, increased variations (gene flow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

selection

A

reduces variation sometimes (natural selection reduces individuals with deleterious allelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is selection usually represented by

A

frequency distributions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

frequency distributiosn

A

vizualize count data, can show absolute frequences or relative frequences, like proportions or percentages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

sexual selection

A

when individuals choose partners based on thier charactersitics (can lead to things like long tails, colorations)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

modes of selection

A

directional, disruptive, stablizing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

direction selection

A

more colorful moths are eat by birds, grey moths survive and reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

stabilizing selection

A

when individuals closest to the mean have the highest fitness, reduces variation but doesnt change the man (purifying selection)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

disruptive selection

A

increaes variation can generate polymorphisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

polymorphisms

A

stable, discrete categories of pheotypes - smaller beaked birds have an advantage (can eat small seeds) big beaked birds have an advantage (can crack big seeds), medium beaked birds have it rough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

heterozygote advantage

A

in changing condiitons, heterozygous indivs outperform homozygotes, which helps maintain allele variety.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Geographic variation

A

genetic variation is maintained in populatiosn in different geographic regions with different selective pressures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Frequence dependent selection

A

maintains genetic variations - polymorphisms can be maintained when its fitness is determined by its frequencey (scale eating fish, the rarer type will always have less competitions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

artifical selection

A

purposefully guided by humans with a goal in mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

agricultural research

A

long term selection experiemnts showed that selection can result in strong phenotypic differences and that trait change can be reversed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what does artificial selection need to function

A

existing genetic variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

heritability

A

estimates the proportion of variation in a trait determined by inherited genes and the enviornment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what does it mean if H^2 = 1

A

All variation in a population is due to genetic differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what does it mean if H^2 = 0

A

no genetic varioan; all variaiton in the population comes from differences in the enviornments experiences by the individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

equation for hertiability

A

variation inherited / (vinherited + venviornment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what is heritability not

A

its is not genetic determination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

factors that affect heritability

A

precision of measurement, enviornmental change, migration/gene flow, inbreeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

the higher the heritability estimate -

A

the easier it may be to modify that trait via artificial selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

The breeders equation

A

a foundation toool in quantitiative genetis, used to prdict evolutionary change - R = h^2S (h^2 = heritability, s = selection differential, R = response to selection)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what does the breeder’s equation assume

A

the trait of interest is not correlated with other traits affecting fitness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

population genetic structures

A

can be described by frequences (0-1) of alleles and genotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

formula of allele frequency

A

p = 2NAA + NAa = 2N (same with aa for the recessive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

p+q

A

ALWAYS 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

fixed

A

p = 1, q = 0 (or vice versa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A

conditions for populaiton allele frequencies to stay the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what are the 5 conditions for hardy weinberg equilibrium

A

no mutation, no selection, no gene flow, population size is infinite, and mating is random

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

how quickly can you restore HW equilibrium

A

one generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what do deviations from HWE show?

A

that evolution is occuring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

trade-offs in sexual selection

A

more likely to reproduce, but less likely to survive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

2 main forms of sexual selection

A

intrasexual competition, mate choice

58
Q

good genes hypothesis

A

some traits are honest signals of mate quality

59
Q

runaway sexual selection

A

offspring will inherit their parent’s ornamental traits and preferences for that trait

60
Q

genetic (sexual) conflict

A

when genes that govern males and female traits are anatgonistic

61
Q

mutations

A

novel gene combos

62
Q

nucleotide substitutions

A

changes in one nucleotide in a DNA sequence

63
Q

synonymous substitutions

A

do not affect the function of a protein - neutral

64
Q

nonsynonymous substitution

A

affect protein function, can ve deleterious, neutral or advantageous

65
Q

hybrid incompability

A

offspring ofspring of individuals from different populations or even species are worse off

66
Q

where are rates of substitution higher?

A

at synonymous sites vs non synonymous sits

67
Q

neutral theory of molecular evolution

A

majority of evolutionary changes occursa t the molecular level and most genetic variation is due to random genetic drift of alleles that are selectively neutral

68
Q

although genetic drift of exist gene variants is stronger in small populations

A

the rate of fixation of new neutral mutations is independent of population size

69
Q

molecular clock

A

the rae of fixation of new neutral mutions is relatively constant, so it can be used as a molecular clock to calculate evolutionary diverengce times between species

70
Q

dn

A

of nonsynonymous substitutiosn per non synonymous site

71
Q

ds

A

numbers of synonymous substitutions per synonymous site

72
Q

dn/ds = 1

A

neutral

73
Q

dn/ds > 1

A

positive directional selection

74
Q

dn/ds < 1

A

stabilizing selection

75
Q

gene expression

A

might account for mucch of the evolution of diverse body forms we observe across living organisms

76
Q

homeotic mutations

A

replaces one structure with another

77
Q

genetic switches

A

can turn genes on or off, regulate gene expression

78
Q

heterometry

A

different amount of gene expression

79
Q

heterochrony

A

different timing of gene expression

80
Q

heterotropy

A

spatial diference in difference in gene expression

81
Q

phylogeny

A

evolutionary history of genetic relationships

82
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

visual reconstruction of shared history

83
Q

lineage

A

series of ancestor and descendant populations

84
Q

components of a phylogenetic tree

A

vertical distances between branches have no meaning, order after a node is arbitrary

85
Q

nodes

A

indicate timing of splitting events

86
Q

split events

A

a speciation event, gene dupliction, transmission event etc

87
Q

homologous features

A

shared by two or more species and inherited fro m a common ancestor

88
Q

ingroup

A

the group of organisms of primary interest

89
Q

outgroup

A

species closely related to by phylogenetically outside of the group of interst

90
Q

parsimony

A

the preferred explanation of observed data is the simplest explanation

91
Q

convergent evolution

A

different selective pressures on different taxa led to similar traits

92
Q

Taxa

A

expected to be monophyletic - can be cut off from a phlyogenetic tree witha s ingle cut in the tree

93
Q

polyphyletic groups

A

do not include its common ancestory - birds and mammals are warm blooded, but it doesnt inlcude their common ancestors

94
Q

paraphyletic

A

do no include all the decsendants of a common group - reptiles inlcudes turtles, snakes etc, ut not birds even through they are within that lineage

95
Q

how is a molecular clock calibrated

A

the fossil record, known times of divergence, biogeographic data

96
Q

species

A

groups of organisms that share genetic and morphological attributes, and are reproductively isolate from other such

97
Q

speciation

A

Divergence of biological lineages and emergence of reproductive isolation

98
Q

what did linneaus base the taxonomic system off

A

appearance / morphological concept

99
Q

polymorphisms

A

multipe phenotypes within one species

100
Q

cryptic species

A

two or more species that are indistinguisable

101
Q

biological species concept

A

species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural poplaitons that re reproductively isolaed from other such groups

102
Q

reproductive isolation

A

two groups can not make viable offspring

103
Q

complications with biological species conept

A

asexual reproduction, extinct groups only known from fossils, hybridization between closely related species

104
Q

phylogenetic / lineage species concept

A

a species is a branch on a phylogeny which ahs a history that starts at a species event and ends at another speciation or extinction

105
Q

Dobzhansky Muller model

A

genetic basis for disruptiv selection which leads to speciation

106
Q

hybrid incompatibility

A

two species interbreed but their offspring are bad at surviving so they eventually stop breeding wth each other

107
Q

hybrid zones

A

when reproductive isolation is incomplete

108
Q

what maintains species barriers

A

hybrid suffering

109
Q

do hybrid zones always reinforce species barriers

A

no, sometimes they can relax barrier and act as a bridge between species

110
Q

allopatric speciation

A

speciation that results when a pop is divided by a physical barrier

111
Q

sympatric speciaiton

A

no physical isolation, occurs within the same population

112
Q

sister species

A

species that are each others closeset relatives can arise on opposite sides of the barrier

113
Q

ecological speciation

A

divergent natural selection ebtween contransting ecological enviornemnt

114
Q

ecological speciation

A

divergent natural selection ebtween contransting ecological enviornments

115
Q

polyploidy

A

the duplication of sets of chromosomes within indivs, can result in complete reproductive idolation in 2 generations

116
Q

temporal isolation

A

changes in breeding season can cause reproductive isolation

117
Q

behavioral isolation

A

mating and stuff are different

118
Q

adaptive radiation

A

rapid diversification of a large number of descendant species from a single ancestor species that now inhabit a variety of enviornments

119
Q

who has high speciation rates

A

groups with poor dispersal abilites, and lineages with strong sexual selection

120
Q

stratigraphy

A

the study of geological strata - the oldest rocks on the bottom strata and the new rocks on top

121
Q

radioisotopes

A

decay in a predictable pattern over long period of time

122
Q

half-life

A

half of the atoms in a radioisotope decay to become a different, stable (nonradioactive) isotope

123
Q

radiometric dating

A

the use of radiosotopes to date fossils and rocks is known as radiometric dating

124
Q

paleontology

A

extinct life

125
Q

3 time periods to know

A

archean cambrian creataceous

126
Q

continental drift

A

the movement of continents due to plate tectonics

127
Q

plate tectonics

A

geophysical movements of the “plates that make up the Earth’s layer

128
Q

pangea

A

big ass continenet

129
Q

mass extintictions

A

things like meteors, sea level

130
Q

atmospheric changes

A

atmosphere did not have much oxygen until cyanobacteria came on the scene

131
Q

more oxygen

A

big ass bugs

132
Q

permineralization

A

occurs when an organism is buried in sediment and empty spaces are filled with minerals

133
Q

holotype

A

a single physical speciment used to describe a species

134
Q

casts and molds

A

the organisms dissolves and leaves an organism shaped hole

135
Q

impressions

A

trace fossil that hint at an extinct organisms biological activity but don’t contain any organic material

136
Q

abiogenisis

A

origin of life, RNA first hypothesis

137
Q

Miller - Urey Experiment

A

tested the chemical origin of life hypothesis and produced ovr 20 amino acids from chemicals and electricity

138
Q

cambrian explosion

A

glaciers recede, increasing o2, and huge explosion of biological diversity

139
Q

mass extinctions

A

end of ordovician -> glaciers formed and oceans receded and 75% of things died

140
Q

permian

A

pangea, and at th end there were massive volcanic eruptions that cooled the climate and then created a glaciation event - 96% of all multicellular species became extinct at the end of the permian

141
Q

KT extinction

A

at the end of the cretaceous period, meteor struck in mexico and killed alll non - avian dinosuars plant life died too

142
Q

hominin evolution

A

bipedal locomotion, split off from chimpanezees

bio (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions