Exam 3 Jeopardy

Question 1

Serum measurements as a marker for increased risk of myocardial infarction in persons with coronary heart disease.
It is believed that inflammation involving atherosclerotic plaques in coronary arteries may predispose to thrombosis and myocardial infarction.

Answer 1

What is c-reactive protein?

Question 2

Increase on the total number of WBCs due to any cause

Answer 2

What is leukocytosis?

Question 3

Macromolecules made up of a hydrophobic core of insoluble cholesterol esters and triglycerides, surrounded by a hydrophilic outer shell of soluble phospholipids and non-esterified cholesterol

Answer 3

What is lipoprotein?

Question 4

The primary stimulus for ventilation in the COPD population

Answer 4

What is hypoxemia?

Question 5

In asthma, bronchospasms are the result of this nervous stimulation

Answer 5

What is parasympathetic nervous system stimulation?

Question 6

This heart disorder has the following symptoms: dizziness, angina, dyspnea at rest, tachycardia, and cyanosis

Answer 6

What is CHF?

Question 7

May result in impaired diffusion of gases in the lungs due to increased alveolar capillary membrane thickness

Answer 7

What is pneumonia and pulmonary edema?

Question 8

Disorders of circulation in the extremities

Answer 8

What is peripheral vascular disease?

Question 9

Heart disease caused by coronary blood flow

Answer 9

What is coronary artery disease?

Question 10

Is probably the most common of all health problems in adults and in adults and is the leading risk for cardiovascular disorders
More common in young men as compared to young women
More common in blacks compared to whites
More common in older persons
Prevalence increases with age

Answer 10

What is hypertension?

Question 11

Most common cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes

Answer 11

What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

Question 12

A congenital heart defect with the following symptoms:
Disparity in pulsations and blood pressures in the arms and legs.
The femoral, popliteal and dorsalis pedis pulsations are week and delayed compared with the bounding pulses of the arms and carotid vessels.

Answer 12

What is Coarctation of the Aorta?

Question 13

An opening in the atrial septum as a result of improper septal formation during the 4th and 5th weeks of embryonic developmement
May be single or multiple and vary from small, asymptomatic opening to large, symptomatic opening
Flow of blood is usually left-side to right side of the heart
May result in right ventricular volume overload and increased pulmonary blood flow

Answer 13

What is an Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)?

Question 14

Is a birth defect that affects normal blood flow through the heart
During embryonic development the left sides of the heart does not form correctly

Answer 14

What is Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome?

Question 15

Acute blood loss or intravascular volume depletion causing the following symptoms:
hypotension, increased respiratory rate, change in mental status, and tachycardia and palpitation

Answer 15

What is Hypovolemic Shock?

Question 16

This condition leads to tissue congestion, edema, and eventual impairment of tissue nutrition
The edema is exacerbated by long periods of standing
Skin atrophy and brown pigmentation of the skin caused by hemosiderin deposits (from breakdown of red blood cells0
Progressive sclerosis of the lymph channels in the face of increased demand for clearance of interstitial fluid
In advanced states, stasis dermatitis and the development of stasis or venous ulcer results

Answer 16

What is Chronic Venous Insufficiency?

Question 17

Most people are asymptomatic and go on to develop latent disease in which T lymphocytes and macrophages surround the organism in granulomas that limit their spread
Individuals with latent disease do not have active disease and cannot transmit the organism to others

Answer 17

What is Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI)?

Question 18

Symptoms are due to accumulated fluid in the alveoli and airways resulting in:
Lung stiffness, difficult lung expansion and impaired gas exchange
Frothy and often blood-tinged sputum
This results in decreased ability of the lungs to oxygenate the blood, the hemoglobin leaves the pulmonary circulation without being fully oxygenated, resulting in shortness of breath and cyanosis.
This leaves a person sitting upright and gasping for air
Lung sounds from fluid is called “crackles”

Answer 18

What is Pulmonary Edema?

Question 19

This is both a lung problem and a coagulopathy problem
Clinical manifestations include:
Breathlessness, pleuritic pain, apprehension, slight fever, cough, tachycardia
Severe clinical presentations include sudden collapse, crushing substernal chest pain, shock, loss of conciousness, rapid and weak pulse with hypotension, neck vein distention, cyanotic skin and diaphoresis
Massive events are often fatal

Answer 19

What is a Pulmonary Embolism?

Question 20

Is an accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity
It may result from neoplasms, cardiac surgery, or trauma
It exerts effects through compression of the heart chambers
Removal of the fluid from the pericardial sac is the initial treatment of choice for larger effusions

Answer 20

What is Pericardial Effusion?

Question 21

Is a disorder of impaired coronary blood flow usually caused by atherosclerosis

Answer 21

What is Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?

Question 22

This disease category includes unstable angina/non-ST elevated myocardial infarctions/ST elevated myocardial infarctions

Answer 22

What is Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)?

Question 23

Symptoms of this lung disorder include abrupt, unilateral onset worse with chest movements such as deep breathing and coughing.
Because deep breathing is painful, tidal volumes usually are kept small and breathing becomes more rapid.
Usually caused by viral infections or pneumonia

Answer 23

What is Pleuritis?

Question 24

Incomplete expansion of a lung or a portion of a lung
May be caused by airway obstruction, lung compression, tumor mass, exudate of other matter in the pleural cavity.
May be present at birth or acquired later in life
Symptoms include tachypnea, tachycardia, dyspnea, cyanosis, hypoxemia, diminished lung expansion, absence of breath sounds and intercostal retractions. Lung sounds are decreased on the affected side.
Chest x-ray can confirm the diagnosis

Answer 24

What is Atelectasis?

Question 25

Inflammation of the parenchymal structures of the lung, such as the alveoli and bronchioles.
Leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially among the elderly.
Commonly classified according to type of organism, distribution of the infection, whether or not it is community-acquired or hospital-acquired

Answer 25

What is Pneumonia?

Question 26

Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation of the wall of a blood vessel.
They occur most commonly in arteries.

Answer 26

What are Aneurysms?

Question 27

May involve any part of the aorta, but this type may occur in the abdominal aorta.
It is the most common type of aneurysm and most likely will develop after the age of 50.
It occurs more frequently in hypertensive men.
Smoking and genetic predisposition play an important role.
Occur most often below the renal artery and above the bifurcation of the aorta.
Most are asymptomatic, but found as a pulsatile mass. Usually are larger than 4.0 cm if palpable.

Answer 27

What is an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm?

Question 28

This lung disorder is a collection of abnormal fluid in the pleural cavity.
It can be transudative, exudative, purulent or sanguineous.
If serous transudative (clear fluid) in the pleural cavity it is referred to as hydrothorax, this type is most commonly caused by congestive heart failure, renal failure, nephrosis, liver failure and malignancy.
It may be unilateral or bilateral.
Conditions that produce exudative pleural effusions are bacterial pneumonia, viral infection, pulmonary infarction and malignancies.
Empyema is purulent infection in the pleural cavity.

Answer 28

What is Pleural Effusion?

Question 29

Occurs commonly as a compensatory response to hypoxia.
It results from a physiologic increase in the level of erythropoietin.
May also occur as a result of living at high altitudes, chronic heart and lung disease and smoking.
Neoplasms may also secrete erythropoietin.
Treatment focuses on relieving hypoxia.

Answer 29

What is Secondary Polycythemia?

Question 30

This disorder is a multisystem disorder in which granulomas are found in many tissues and organs, particularly the lungs.
It most commonly affects the lungs, eyes and skin.
Respiratory symptoms include shortness of breath, nonproductive cough and chest pain.
Constitutional symptoms include fever, sweating, anorexia, weight loss, fatigue and myalgia.
Eye involvement includes anterior uveitis.
Skin involvement includes skin papules and plaques.

Answer 30

What is Sarcoidosis?

Question 31

Hypertension is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis.
It is typically an asymptomatic disorder.
When symptoms do occur, it generally includes:
Heart – left ventricular hypertrophy, angina, myocardial infarction, heart failure
Brain – stroke or transient ischemic attack
Chronic kidney disease (labs show decreased creatinine clearance and increased BUN) peripheral vascular disease

Answer 31

What is Hypertension?

Question 32

Is a reliable tool for the detection of tuberculous infection and its prevention.
False-negative tests may occur in individuals with a compromised immune system, including those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, persons taking immunosuppressive drugs, severely malnourished and elderly patients.

Answer 32

What is a Tuberculin Skin Test (Mantoux Test)?

Question 33

Inflammatory reaction attracting macrophages and platelets
Increased permeability of endothelial cells
Cholesterol, fat and thrombi in plaque formation

Answer 33

What is CAD (coronary artery disease)?

Question 34

Defects that result in a right-to-left shunting or obstruction of pulmonary blood flow are categorized as ______________ disorders.

Answer 34

What are Cyanotic Heart Disorders?

Question 35

Disorders causing left-to-right shunting are usually categorized as _______ disorders.

Answer 35

What are Acyanotic Heart Disorders?

Question 36

Is characterized by an abnormal elevation within the pulmonary circulation.
It produces secondary structural abnormalities of pulmonary vessels including smooth muscle hypertrophy and proliferation of the vessel intima.
May be associated with other conditions such as COPD, heart failure, sleep apnea, mitral valve disorders, congenital heart defects, pulmonary embolism and ventricular diastolic dysfunction.
Mechanism includes: elevation of pulmonary venous pressure, increased pulmonary blood flow, pulmonary vascular obstruction and hypoxemia.
Normal pulmonary artery pressure is 8-20 mmHg at rest

Answer 36

What is Pulmonary Hypertension?

Question 37

Intermittent pneumatic compression boots
Graded compression elastic stockings
Anticoagulation therapy
Early ambulation for post-operative and post-partum patients

Answer 37

What are methods or measures used in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

Question 38

Characterized by narrowing of the valve orifice with increased resistance to ejection of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta.
First noticed with auscultation of a loud systolic ejection murmur (SEM).
Classic symptoms of advanced disease include angina, syncope and heart failure.
Subtle symptoms include decrease in exercise tolerance or exertional dyspnea, marked fatigability, peripheral cyanosis.

Answer 38

What is Aortic Stenosis?

Question 39

Is hypothesized to occur due to the rupture of an air-filled bleb, or blister on the surface of the lung.
The condition is seen in persons who are tall and thin.
Smoking is another factor that has been associated.
Strongly associated with emphysema.
Is life-threatening.
May lead to hemodynamic instability and cardiovascular collapse.
Symptoms include tachypnea, ipsilateral chest pain, dyspnea, asymmetrical chest excursion.

Answer 39

What is Spontaneous Pneumothorax?

Question 40

This childhood disease if potentially fatal due to inflammatory edema of the supraglottis area, including the epiglottis and pharyngeal structures.
Pathogens involved include H. influenza B, Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumonia and S. aureus.
Characterized by an acute, dramatic onset, sore throat, fever, pallor, lethargic.
Child will assume sitting up with mouth open and chin thrust forward, difficulty swallowing, muffled voice, drooling, extreme anxiousness, severe respiratory distress associated with inspiratory and expiratory stridor.
It may progress to complete obstruction of the airway.

Answer 40

What is Epiglottitis?

Question 41

This drug ability to suppress the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes is due to its irreversible inactivation of the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme.
Cyclooxygenase is required for prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis

Answer 41

What is Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)?

Question 42

Is a major cause of severe chronic respiratory disease in children and young adults.
It is an inherited disorder (autosomal recessive trait) involving fluid secretion by the exocrine glands in the epithelial lining of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts.
Is caused by mutations in a single gene on the long arm of chromosome 7 that encodes for the CFTR, which functions as a chloride channel in epithelial cell membranes.
Manifested by pancreatic exocrine deficiency and elevation of sodium chloride in the sweat.

Answer 42

What is Cystic Fibrosis?

Answer 43

What is Infective Endocarditis?

Answer 44

What is pericarditis?