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Physiology 1 > Exam 3: Integumentary System > Flashcards

Exam 3: Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

IS is composed of

A

Skin and accessory organs

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2
Q

Examples of accessory organs

A
  1. nails
  2. hair
  3. glands
  4. cutaneous sensory receptors
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3
Q

Functions of the IS

A
  1. protective covering
  2. regulation of body temperature
  3. housing of cutaneous sensory receptors
  4. synthesis of vitamin D
  5. excretion of waste materials
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4
Q

4 types of cells in the epidermis

A
  1. keratinocytes
  2. melanocytes
  3. dendritic cells
  4. Merkel cells
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5
Q

Function of keratinocytes

A

Manufacture keratin-> toughens and waterproofs the epidermis

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6
Q

Function of melanocytes

A

Manufacture melanin

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7
Q

Function of dendritic cells

A

Immune cells

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8
Q

Function of Merkel cells

A

Type 1 tactile mechanoreceptors

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9
Q

Which epidermal cell is the most predominant?

A

Keratinocytes

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10
Q

4 layers of thin skin (superficial to deep)

A
  1. stratum corneum
  2. stratum granulosum
  3. stratum spinosum
  4. stratum basale
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11
Q

5 layers of thick skin (superficial to deep)

A
  1. stratum corneum
  2. stratum lucidum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum spinosum
  5. stratum basale
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12
Q

Features of the stratum basale

A
  1. deepest layer

2. highly mitotic

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13
Q

Features of stratum spinosum

A
  1. mitotic in deeper layers
  2. begins synthesis of keratin
  3. cholecalciferol manufacture
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14
Q

What makes up the stratum germinativum?

A

stratum basale + stratum spinosum

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15
Q

Features of the stratum granulosum

A
  1. flatten cells filled with keratin
  2. no blood vessels
  3. grainy
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16
Q

Features of stratum lucidum

A
  1. only in thick skin

2. palms of hands and soles of feet

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17
Q

Features of stratum corneum

A
  1. 20-30 layers

2. flat, keratinized dead cells

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18
Q

The dermis includes

A
  1. CT
  2. muscle fibers
  3. blood vessels
  4. hair follicles
  5. exocrine glands
  6. nerve fibers
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19
Q

2 layers of the dermis

A
  1. papillary

2. subcutaneous

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20
Q

Features of the papillary layer

A
  1. loose CT under epidermis

2. contains dermal ridges

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21
Q

Features of the reticular layer

A
  1. dense irregular CT
  2. under papillary layer
  3. stretch marks
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22
Q

Features of the subcutaneous layer

A
  1. adipose and loose CT tissues
  2. blood vessels
  3. nerve fibers
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23
Q

Function of adipose tissue

A

Heat insulator and energy reservoir

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24
Q

About how much more adipose tissue do men have than women?

A

8%

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25
Q

Thickness of the subcutaneous layer can be indicative of ___

A

Nutritional status

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26
Q

Which layer binds to underlying structures?

A

Subcutaneous

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27
Q

What is pink skin due to?

A

Blood flow in dermis and subcutaneous layer

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28
Q

What is yellow skin due to?

A
  1. carotene-> temporary

2. thicker stratum corneum-> permanent

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29
Q

Where does carotene come from?

A

Diet

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30
Q

How thick does the stratum corneum have to be in order to change the skin yellow?

A

40-50 layers

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31
Q

Who is at a higher risk of having yellow skin?

A

People of east Asian descent

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32
Q

What is brown skin due to?

A

Melanin

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33
Q

Where are melanocytes found?

A

Stratum basale

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34
Q

T/F: everyone has the same number of melanocytes

A

True- skin color just depends on the sun’s concentration

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35
Q

What are freckles?

A

Small, isolated patches of highly concentrated melanin secretion

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36
Q

Do women or men have a natural lighter skin tone?

A

Women

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37
Q

Function of dark skin tones

A

Protects against UVR

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38
Q

Function of light skin tones

A

Synthesis of vitamin D

39
Q

Dark skin tones are susceptible to ___

A

Frost bite

40
Q

Hair and the hair follicle reside in the ___

A

Dermis and subcutaneous layer, but originate from the epidermal tissue

41
Q

Features of the hair follicle

A
  1. protrudes down into the dermis
  2. CT root sheath (outer)
  3. epithelial tissue root sheath (inner)
42
Q

What is the hair bulb?

A

Zone of actively dividing cells at the base of the hair

43
Q

What is the hair root?

A

Column of flattened, dead keratinized cells within the follicle

44
Q

What is the hair shaft?

A

Column of flattened, dead keratinized cells external to the skin’s surface

45
Q

Layers of the hair (inside to outside)

A
  1. medulla
  2. cortex
  3. cuticle
46
Q

Which muscle produces goosebumps?

A

Erector pili muscle

47
Q

How is the erector pili muscle attached?

A

To the hair follicle and to the papillary layer of the dermis

48
Q

Red hair is due to a pigment containing ___

A

Iron

49
Q

Texture of hair is determined by

A

Shape and size of hair follicle

50
Q

Function of hair

A

Protection and identification

51
Q

Structure of nails

A
  1. nail plate
  2. nail bed
  3. lunula
52
Q

What is the nail plate?

A

Hardened stratum corneum

53
Q

Parts of the nail plate

A
  1. nail root
  2. nail body
  3. free edge
54
Q

What is the nail bed?

A
  1. under nail plate

2. continuous with stratum basal and spinosum

55
Q

What is the lunula?

A
  1. light half-moon region on nail plate

2. extremely thick

56
Q

Function of nails

A
  1. protections

2. digital dexterity

57
Q

Features of sebaceous glands

A
  1. sebum
  2. alveolar-shaped
  3. connected to hair follicle
58
Q

What is the function of sebum?

A

Lubricates and waterproofs hair and stratum corneum

59
Q

Clogged sebaceous ducts lead to ___

A

Acne

60
Q

The apocrine gland is your ___ gland

A

Scent

61
Q

Features of apocrine glands

A
  1. axillary and pubic regions
  2. produces an odor
  3. tubular
  4. connected to the hair follicle
62
Q

The eccrine gland is your ___ gland

A

Sweat

63
Q

Features of the eccrine gland

A
  1. all over the body
  2. thin merocrine secretion
  3. eliminates some chemical wastes
  4. tubular
64
Q

Which is your true sweat gland?

A

Eccrine

65
Q

What are tactile receptor?

A

Touch and pressure

66
Q

Features of the corpuscle of touch

A
  1. light/discrete touch
  2. dermal papillae
  3. discriminate touch
67
Q

Features the hair root plexus

A
  1. discriminate touch

2. sensory nerve endings around the base of a hair follicle

68
Q

Features a Merkel cells/disc

A
  1. discriminate touch

2. stratum basale

69
Q

Features of Ruffini’s ending/corpuscle

A
  1. coarse/gross touch
  2. deep dermis
  3. non-discriminate touch
70
Q

Features of Pacinian corpuscle

A
  1. pressure

2. deep dermis and subcutaneous layer

71
Q

What are thermal receptors?

A
  1. free nerve endings
  2. hot or cold
  3. epidermis
72
Q

What are pain receptors?

A
  1. free nerve endings
  2. warning system
  3. epidermis
73
Q

Which layers have the greatest mitotic activity in healing just the epidermis?

A

Stratum basale and stratum spinosum

74
Q

Steps of healing the wound of the dermis/subcutaneous layer

A
  1. bleeding
  2. blood platelets and fibrinogen proteins form a clot
  3. scab forms
  4. edges bind together
  5. scab sloughs off
75
Q

Characteristics of a first degree burn

A
  1. epidermis only

2. peeling

76
Q

Characteristics of a second degree burn

A
  1. epidermis and some dermis

2. blistering

77
Q

Characteristics of a third degree burn

A
  1. epidermis, dermis, accessory organs

2. healing at margins

78
Q

Characteristics of a fourth degree burn

A
  1. epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer

2. healing at margins

79
Q

Which burn degree is prone to dehydration?

A

Fourth

80
Q

What are benign neoplasms?

A

Mole, wart

81
Q

What is a mole?

A

Abnormal growth of melanocytes

82
Q

What is the other name for a mole?

A

Nevus

83
Q

What is a wart?

A

Abnormal growth of skin tissue, caused by a viral infection

84
Q

What is the other name for a wart?

A

Verruca

85
Q

What are malignant neoplasms?

A

Cutaneous carcinomas, cutaneous melanoma

86
Q

Features of a cutaneous carcinoma

A
  1. long-term over-exposure to UV

2. basal cell and squamous cell

87
Q

Which is more likely to metastasize: basal cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Squamous cell, but it’s less common

88
Q

Features of cutaneous melanoma

A
  1. short, but intense exposure to UV

2. ABCD rule

89
Q

Which is more severe: cutaneous carcinoma or cutaneous melanoma?

A

Cutaneous melanoma

90
Q

Integumentary system as a clinical disorder

A
  1. dietary deficiencies
  2. heavy metal exposure
  3. allergic reactions
  4. specific diseases
91
Q

Aging of the skin

A
  1. loss of elasticity
  2. decrease of adipose tissue
  3. decrease hair follicles and exocrine glands
  4. changes in pigmentation
  5. increase in moles
92
Q

What are wrinkles caused by?

A
  1. loss of elasticity in the dermis

2. decrease in adipose tissue

93
Q

Cause of being cold when you’re older?

A
  1. decrease adipose tissue

2. decrease eccrine glands

Physiology 1 (4 decks)

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