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Environmental Physiology > Exam 3 - Hypo/hyperbaric Enironments > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Hypo/hyperbaric Enironments Flashcards

1
Q

Percentages of atmospheric oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen

A 
O2 = 20.93%
CO2 = 0.03%
N = 79%
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2
Q

How does diving disrupt homeostasis?

A

Disrupts internal pressure and gas concentrations within the body. Alteration in bod fluid composition and movement.

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3
Q

Regulation of internal pressure and gas concentration relies on…

A

CV an respiratory system. Injury occurs if unable to adapt.

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4
Q

Hyperbaric Environment

A

Pressure is greater than air pressure on sea level

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5
Q

Five physiologic stresses the body faces in hyperbaria

A

Elevated ambient pressure, decreased effects of gravity, altered respiration, hypothermia, sensory impairment

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6
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Prolongs time to break-point. Decreased CO2, increased O2 (arterial)

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7
Q

Chemoreceptors respond to

A

Decreased O2 (arterial), increased PCO2 (arterial) and decreased pH

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8
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

At a constant temperature, the absolute pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional.

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9
Q

Henry’s Law

A

Increased partial pressure = increased gas dissolved in tissue. O2 and CO2 diffusion.

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10
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

Increased ambient pressure = increased partial pressure of PO2 and PCO2

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11
Q

Where is the respiratory control center located?

A

Within medulla oblongata

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12
Q

Respiratory center comprised of two dense clusters of neurons

A

Dorsal respiratory center - primarily inspiratory neurons (control diaphragm and receive feedback on PO2, PCO2 and pH) Ventral respiratory center - both inspiratory and expiratory neurons (controls all breathing muscles)

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13
Q

Mechanics of breathing (immersion up to neck)

A

When immersed up to the neck, there is increased pressure placed on chest. Normal outward elastic recoil of chest is decreased.

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14
Q

Pulmonary blood flow (immersion up to neck)

A

Blood pooling will be decreased due to increased pressure - enhanced venous return. Colder water enhances venous return.

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15
Q

Mechanics of breathing (underwater breathing)

A

At great depths, density of gas increases, thus increasing airway resistance. Sensitivity to CO2 is decreased.

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16
Q

Diving Reflex

A

Induces bradycardia and increases vascular resistance

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17
Q

BHD Medical Considerations

A

Decreased CO2 minimizes urge to breath. O2 remains high during descent. Bottom phase CO2 rises which may cause loss of conciousness due to hypoxia.

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18
Q

Lung Squeeze

A

Excess pressure on the lungs causes fluid to move into the lungs. S/S Shortness of breath, coughing up blood, pulmonary edema.

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19
Q

Alveolar Rupture

A

Excess of movement of fluid into lungs may cause alveoli rupture. S/S: Shortness of breath.

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20
Q

Barotrauma

A

Gas expansion in the GI tract. S/S: Abdominal pain, belching, flatulence.

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21
Q

Pneomothorax

A

Ruptured lungs tissue allows a pocket of air to form between the pleura of the lungs. S/S: Shortness of breath, collapsed lungs.

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22
Q

Middle-ear squeeze

A

Closed eustachian tube does not allow for pressure between the middle and air in the lungs to equalize. S/S: Pain in the ear, blood around ear, nose or mouth.

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23
Q

Air Embolism

A

Expansion of lung gasses during ascent.

24
Q

O2 Toxicity

A

Exposure to high oxygen for high periods of long periods of time. S/S: Primarily occur within the lungs, CNS.

25
Q

Nitrogen Narcosis

A

Increased nitrogen diffusion into tissues. S/S: Poor judgement, slow reaction time, euphoria.

26
Q

Decompression Sickness

A

If ascent occurs too quickly, excess N and O in the tissues will result increased pressure ultimately blocking blood and lumph vessels, inducing compartment syndrome, and rupturing cell membranes.

27
Q

CO2 Toxicity

A

Hypoxia, hypercapnia occurs during closed-circuit suba. S/S: Breathlessness, increased VE, impaired mental function and unconciousness.

28
Q

Hypoxia

A

Occurs when their is insufficient O2 supply to tissues.

29
Q

Hypobaria

A

Altitude. Total pressure is less than that at sea level.

30
Q

High Altitude

A

1500-3499m (4291-11483feet)

31
Q

Very High Altitude

A

3500-5500m (11,500-18,000 feet)

32
Q

Extreme Altitude

A

More then 5500m. 5985m is the population at highest altitude.

33
Q

Bohr Effect

A

Saturation of Hb with O2 at various PO2 values. Influenced by temperature and pH. Normal conditions: 60-100mmHg, Hb will be completely saturated.

34
Q

Effects of of altitude on Bohr Effect

A

Goes right at first then left. As pressure increases, % saturation increases (toxicity). A shift to the left is desired (increase saturation, increased partial pressure). Cool and basic preferred.

35
Q

2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (DPG)

A

Positive effect, increases with high altitude, makes it easier for hemoglobin to release its O2.

36
Q

Exposure to altitude will result in hypoxia…

A

Decreased rate of oxygen utilization by cells. Body relies on anaerobic means for rephosphorylation of ATP.

37
Q

Respiratory Response to Altitude

A

Hyperventilation, Respiratory alkalosis (hypercapnia), VE increases.

38
Q

Cardiovascular Response to Altitude

A

Q increases due to HR increase, decreased plasma volume, SV decreases slightly (venous return, contractility maintained), a-VO2 increased, increased polycythemia (stimulated by EPO in kidneys)

39
Q

Central Nervous Response to Altitude

A

Alterations in vision, hearing, motor skills, memory, mood and hallucinations. Activities require more time and concentration.

40
Q

Metabolism Changes at Altitude

A

Weight loss attributed to hypoxia/AMS (loss of appetite), protein metabolism inhibited, focus on physical tasks without eating or drinking, increased caloric expenditure.

41
Q

Altitude on Sleep

A

Impaired by altitude and hypoxic stress.

42
Q

Immediate Responses to Changes in Altitude

A

Hyperventilation, increased Q and decreased VO2, increased EPI, increased fluid loss, decreased in mental and sensory function.

43
Q

Long-Term Responses to Altitude

A

Body fluids become more basic, decreased plasma volume, increased RBC, increased mitochondria, O2 release at tissues, decrease in lean body mass and body fat.

44
Q

Altitude and Performance

A

Aerobic decreases due to ventilatory limitations and then improves, muscular strength and sprinting unaffected, maximal aerobic can only be maintained for short periods.

45
Q

Recommendations for Training?

A

Live high, train low! Lower intensity until acclimatized.

46
Q

Anaerobic Performance and Altitude

A

May decrease slightly or remain unchanged.

47
Q

Benefits of training at altitude

A

Increased arterial O2 reduces occurrence of hypoxia, increased sensitivity of chemoreceptors, polycythemia, increased bone marrow (increased RBC production), decreased muscle CSA (less energy for more work), increased aerobic metabolism.

48
Q

Deacclimatization

A

Occurs 2 weeks after returning to sea level.

49
Q

Acute Mountain Sickness

A

Develops 6-12 hours following rapid ascent, peaks within 24-48 hours, acclimatization takes 3-7 days

50
Q

S/S of AMS

A

Vascular changes (kidneys) can cause headache, fatigue, instability, GI distress (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite) *EAT CARBS

51
Q

Treatment of AMS

A

Descend, Acetazolamide, Supplemental O2

52
Q

High-Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE)

A

Extreme form of AMS can result in loss of conciousness, occurs between 12 hours and three days as a result of increased intracranial pressure

53
Q

S/S of HACE

A

Loss of coordination, AMS symptoms/treatment, loss conciousness.

54
Q

High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE)

A

Occurs 12-96 hours post-ascent.

55
Q

S/S of HAPE

A

Excessive, rapid breathing, increased HR, bloody cough, cyanosis (blue skin color)

56
Q

PREVENTION of HAPE

A

Acetazolimide, ascend slowly, sleep at lower altitudes, minimize PA.

Environmental Physiology (5 decks)

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