Exam 1

Question 1

Who was Claude Bernard?

Answer 1

First author to observe that humans’ (internal environment) can remain constant despite external environment.

Question 2

Normal Body Temp

Answer 2

37 degrees Celsius

Question 3

What did Walter Cannon say?

Answer 3

Coined the term homeostasis from studying response to various body systems to different stressors.

Question 4

Who was Hans Selye?

Answer 4

Discovered stressors which are stimuli that disturb homeostasis.
Came up with General Adaptation Syndrome.

Question 5

Homeostasis

Answer 5

The maintenance of a constant or unchanging internal environment.

Question 6

Stress

Answer 6

A stimulus, force, or influence that elicits a biological response.

Question 7

Example of Stressors

Answer 7

Heat, Cold, Odor, Food, Water, Hypoxia, Noise, Light, Darkness, Trauma, Shock, Threat, Bacteria

Question 8

Short-term Adaptive Response (Accommodation)

Answer 8

Attempts to reestablish homeostasis. EX: Stretching

Question 9

Long-Term Adaptive Response (Acclimation/Acclimatization)

Answer 9

Acclimation is changing your thermostat vs acclimatization which is the natural environment

Question 10

Three components of a biological control system

Answer 10

A receptor, An integrating center, an effector or target organ.

Question 11

Example of biological control system

Answer 11

Thermoreceptors respond to heat and cold then sends stimulus to integrating center (brain) which then sends a signal to the effector which attempts to restore the internal environment.

Question 12

Stress Proteins

Answer 12

High stress causes damage to cellular proteins and can result in a disturbance of homeostasis. Cell produce stress proteins which repair damaged proteins to restore homeostasis.

Question 13

Sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM)

Answer 13

Secretes catecholemines into blood stream during fight-or-flight response.

Question 14

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA)

Answer 14

Adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids (cortisol) into the bloodstream.

Question 15

Factors that determine heat exchange

Answer 15

Temperature, reflective heat, wind, humidity and barometric pressure.

Question 16

How is Behavioral Temperature Regulation measured?

Answer 16

Measured by physiological means like RPE. Gagge Scale.

Question 17

How do we try to adjust to the new temperature?

Answer 17

Thermostat, clothes.

Question 18

Five factors that influence Physiological Thermoregulation

Answer 18

Time of day, phase of menstrual cycle, fever, heat acclimation and diurnal rhythm.

Question 19

Thermoregulatory Set Point

Answer 19

Reference temperature that is necessary for the control of thermoregulatory responses.

Question 20

Thermoreceptors

Answer 20

Provide hypothalamus with information regarding our temperature.

Question 21

Types of thermoreceptors

Answer 21

Skin - Respond to heat and cold

Core - Unknown Stimuli

Question 22

Hypothalamus

Answer 22

Anterior - stimulated by heat

Posteriors - stimulated by cold

Question 23

Four methods of heat exchange

Answer 23

Convection - Heat exchange between a surface and a fluid, normally air or water.
Conduction - Heat exchange between two solid surfaces in direct contact.
Radiation - Heat transfer from the surface of one object the surface of another with no physical contact.

Question 24

Convection is dependent on three factors

Answer 24

Fluid density, thermal gradient, area of exposure

Question 25

Three types of solar radiation

Answer 25

Direct, diffuse (barrier between sun and you), reflected (ice, water)

Question 26

Hyperthermia

Answer 26

Increased temperature, high humidity and exercise intensity

Question 27

Effects of Hyperthermia

Answer 27

Muscular endurance decreases but no effect on muscular strength, shift from aerobic to anaerobic, peripheral vasodilation can cause blood pooling

Question 28

Effects of Dehydration

Answer 28

Dry mouth, sleepiness, thirst, decreased urine output, dry skin, headache, dizziness, rapid heart rate, low blood pressure.

Question 29

Effects of Hyperthermia AND Dehydration

Answer 29

Reduced endurance performance, reduced plasma volume and a decrease in cardiac output.

Question 30

Heat Acclimatization

Answer 30

(10-14 days) Improves heat transfer by increasing plasma volume and improved cardiovascular function.

Question 31

Water and Exercise

Answer 31

500mL should be consumed at least 2 hours prior to exercise, during exercise consume water equal to your sweating rate, fluid should be 15-22 degrees celsius.

Question 32

How much water is lost per day?

Answer 32

2.5 L

Question 33

Commercial Beverages

Answer 33

Should be consumed instead of water if there is a CHO deficiency (4-8%), during strenuous exercise (>70%), if there is a sodium deficiency or a rapid replacement of plasma water is needed.

Question 34

Functions of Sodium

Answer 34

Regulation of water movement, nerve conduction, cellular metabolism, blood osmolality, volum and pressure maintenence.

Question 35

Maintenance of sodium in the body and factors that affect sodium loss

Answer 35

Maintained by aldosterone Factors that affect sodium include sweat rate and concentration, dietary intake, exposure to heat (duration/day; total duration)

Question 36

S/S of hyponatremia

Answer 36

increased body mass, fatigue, nausea, disorientation, seizure, edema, respiratory arrest

Question 37

Training Considerations

Answer 37

Wear light-weight clothing, follow weather reportsm know S/S, adjust intensity and duration accordingly, performance may vary

Question 38

What causes heat exaustion?

Answer 38

A depletion in circulatory fluids (plasma), increased heart rate/switching to anaerobic.

Question 39

S/S of heat exhaustion?

Answer 39

Inability to continue work, muscle cramps, vomiting, progressive weaknesses.

Question 40

Treatment for heat exhaustion

Answer 40

Replenish fluids and electrolytes. In more extreme cases, IV may be needed.

Question 41

What causes exertional heat stroke?

Answer 41

Body Temp at 39-40 degrees celsius

Question 42

S/S of heatstroke?

Answer 42

Blood enzymes rise, body cooling is absent, CNS impaired thus impairing heat loss via sweat evaporation, mental acuity causes disorientation, coma or bizarre behavior.

Question 43

Treatment of heatstroke

Answer 43

Cold water immersion of the core rather then limbs in order to prevent shivering, shock and tissue damage

Question 44

What causes heat cramps?

Answer 44

Linked to large losses of sodium content or replacement of sweat losses with a large volume of water.

Question 45

S/S of heat cramps

Answer 45

Hyponatremia, hypokalemia, altered muscle contraction

Question 46

Treatment of heat cramps

Answer 46

Replacing sodium lost, water loss either orally or by IV

Question 47

What causes heat syncope?

Answer 47

Exposure to hot environments over long periods especially while standing up-right for extended periods of time. Insufficient blood flow to the brain.

Question 48

S/S of heat syncope

Answer 48

Paleness, nausea, blurred visions

Question 49

Treatment of syncope

Answer 49

Cool fluids and elevated legs.