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Environmental Physiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who was Claude Bernard?

A

First author to observe that humans’ (internal environment) can remain constant despite external environment.

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2
Q

Normal Body Temp

A

37 degrees Celsius

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3
Q

What did Walter Cannon say?

A

Coined the term homeostasis from studying response to various body systems to different stressors.

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4
Q

Who was Hans Selye?

A

Discovered stressors which are stimuli that disturb homeostasis.
Came up with General Adaptation Syndrome.

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5
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a constant or unchanging internal environment.

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6
Q

Stress

A

A stimulus, force, or influence that elicits a biological response.

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7
Q

Example of Stressors

A

Heat, Cold, Odor, Food, Water, Hypoxia, Noise, Light, Darkness, Trauma, Shock, Threat, Bacteria

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8
Q

Short-term Adaptive Response (Accommodation)

A

Attempts to reestablish homeostasis. EX: Stretching

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9
Q

Long-Term Adaptive Response (Acclimation/Acclimatization)

A

Acclimation is changing your thermostat vs acclimatization which is the natural environment

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10
Q

Three components of a biological control system

A

A receptor, An integrating center, an effector or target organ.

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11
Q

Example of biological control system

A

Thermoreceptors respond to heat and cold then sends stimulus to integrating center (brain) which then sends a signal to the effector which attempts to restore the internal environment.

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12
Q

Stress Proteins

A

High stress causes damage to cellular proteins and can result in a disturbance of homeostasis. Cell produce stress proteins which repair damaged proteins to restore homeostasis.

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13
Q

Sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM)

A

Secretes catecholemines into blood stream during fight-or-flight response.

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14
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA)

A

Adrenal cortex secretes corticosteroids (cortisol) into the bloodstream.

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15
Q

Factors that determine heat exchange

A

Temperature, reflective heat, wind, humidity and barometric pressure.

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16
Q

How is Behavioral Temperature Regulation measured?

A

Measured by physiological means like RPE. Gagge Scale.

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17
Q

How do we try to adjust to the new temperature?

A

Thermostat, clothes.

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18
Q

Five factors that influence Physiological Thermoregulation

A

Time of day, phase of menstrual cycle, fever, heat acclimation and diurnal rhythm.

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19
Q

Thermoregulatory Set Point

A

Reference temperature that is necessary for the control of thermoregulatory responses.

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20
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Provide hypothalamus with information regarding our temperature.

21
Q

Types of thermoreceptors

A

Skin - Respond to heat and cold

Core - Unknown Stimuli

22
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Anterior - stimulated by heat

Posteriors - stimulated by cold

23
Q

Four methods of heat exchange

A

Convection - Heat exchange between a surface and a fluid, normally air or water.
Conduction - Heat exchange between two solid surfaces in direct contact.
Radiation - Heat transfer from the surface of one object the surface of another with no physical contact.

24
Q

Convection is dependent on three factors

A

Fluid density, thermal gradient, area of exposure

25
Q

Three types of solar radiation

A

Direct, diffuse (barrier between sun and you), reflected (ice, water)

26
Q

Hyperthermia

A

Increased temperature, high humidity and exercise intensity

27
Q

Effects of Hyperthermia

A

Muscular endurance decreases but no effect on muscular strength, shift from aerobic to anaerobic, peripheral vasodilation can cause blood pooling

28
Q

Effects of Dehydration

A

Dry mouth, sleepiness, thirst, decreased urine output, dry skin, headache, dizziness, rapid heart rate, low blood pressure.

29
Q

Effects of Hyperthermia AND Dehydration

A

Reduced endurance performance, reduced plasma volume and a decrease in cardiac output.

30
Q

Heat Acclimatization

A

(10-14 days) Improves heat transfer by increasing plasma volume and improved cardiovascular function.

31
Q

Water and Exercise

A

500mL should be consumed at least 2 hours prior to exercise, during exercise consume water equal to your sweating rate, fluid should be 15-22 degrees celsius.

32
Q

How much water is lost per day?

A

2.5 L

33
Q

Commercial Beverages

A

Should be consumed instead of water if there is a CHO deficiency (4-8%), during strenuous exercise (>70%), if there is a sodium deficiency or a rapid replacement of plasma water is needed.

34
Q

Functions of Sodium

A

Regulation of water movement, nerve conduction, cellular metabolism, blood osmolality, volum and pressure maintenence.

35
Q

Maintenance of sodium in the body and factors that affect sodium loss

A

Maintained by aldosterone
Factors that affect sodium include sweat rate and concentration, dietary intake, exposure to heat (duration/day; total duration)

36
Q

S/S of hyponatremia

A

increased body mass, fatigue, nausea, disorientation, seizure, edema, respiratory arrest

37
Q

Training Considerations

A

Wear light-weight clothing, follow weather reportsm know S/S, adjust intensity and duration accordingly, performance may vary

38
Q

What causes heat exaustion?

A

A depletion in circulatory fluids (plasma), increased heart rate/switching to anaerobic.

39
Q

S/S of heat exhaustion?

A

Inability to continue work, muscle cramps, vomiting, progressive weaknesses.

40
Q

Treatment for heat exhaustion

A

Replenish fluids and electrolytes. In more extreme cases, IV may be needed.

41
Q

What causes exertional heat stroke?

A

Body Temp at 39-40 degrees celsius

42
Q

S/S of heatstroke?

A

Blood enzymes rise, body cooling is absent, CNS impaired thus impairing heat loss via sweat evaporation, mental acuity causes disorientation, coma or bizarre behavior.

43
Q

Treatment of heatstroke

A

Cold water immersion of the core rather then limbs in order to prevent shivering, shock and tissue damage

44
Q

What causes heat cramps?

A

Linked to large losses of sodium content or replacement of sweat losses with a large volume of water.

45
Q

S/S of heat cramps

A

Hyponatremia, hypokalemia, altered muscle contraction

46
Q

Treatment of heat cramps

A

Replacing sodium lost, water loss either orally or by IV

47
Q

What causes heat syncope?

A

Exposure to hot environments over long periods especially while standing up-right for extended periods of time. Insufficient blood flow to the brain.

48
Q

S/S of heat syncope

A

Paleness, nausea, blurred visions

49
Q

Treatment of syncope

A

Cool fluids and elevated legs.

Environmental Physiology (5 decks)

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