Exam 3 Flashcards
Adolescents rate having the (closest or farthest?) attachment to their parents (than even peers, friends, and siblings)
Closest
The beginning of sexual maturity is a key change that may affect the equilibrium (balance) of a family when a child enters puberty
Disequilibrium & Puberty
Most Americans’ _____ is marked by feeling that one is in the prime of their life
midlife
What refers to the adjustments that parents must make in midlife when their youngest child leaves home?
Empty Nest Syndrome
Do most parents adjust easily to their children’s departure?
Yes
True or False: An adolescent’s relationship with their siblings presents the highest level of conflict out of all other relationships
True
As adolescents get older, they spend (less or more?) time with their family, which is completely normal
Less
What are the two dimensions of parenting?
Demandingness (Also referred to as “Control”)
Responsiveness (Also referred to as “Warmth”)
Degree to which parents set rules and expectations for behavior and require their children to comply with them is called…
Demandingness (Also referred to as “Control”)
Degree to which parents are sensitive to their children’s needs and express love, warmth, and concern is called…
Responsiveness (Also referred to as “Warmth”)
What are the four parenting styles?
Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, and Disengaged
What parenting style am I?
High Demandingness And High Responsiveness
Set clear rules and expectations and explain why they exist
Make clear what the consequences will be if children do not comply
Promote autonomy through encouraging discussion
Top Parenting Style for U.S. Majority Culture
American parents highly value independence as a quality they want in their children
Children from these households tend to be more independent, self-assured, creative, and socially skilled
Authoritative
High Demandingness And High Responsiveness is what parenting style?
Authoritative
What parenting style am I?
High Demandingness, Low Responsiveness
Require obedience from children
Punish disobedience without compromise or conversation
Children from these households tend to be more passive and conforming
Authoritarian
High Demandingness, Low Responsiveness
Authoritarian
What parenting style am I?
Low Demandinigness, High Responsiveness
Few expectations for behavior, Rarely discipline children
Focus on “unconditional love” and give children a large amount of freedom
Permissive
Low Demandinigness, High Responsiveness
Permissive
What parenting style am I?
Low Demandingness And Low Responsiveness
Minimize time and emotion devoted to parenting
Require little of their children and rarely bother to correct behavior
Also express little amount of love and concern (little emotional attachment to children)
Disengaged
Parents influence their Children
AND
Children influence their Parents in return
is called?
Reciprocal or Bidirectional Effects
While conflict with parents remains at (high or low?) levels through early and middle adolescence.
High
Examples of Parent-Adolescent Conflict
Curfews or Choice of Music, etc.
Is parent-child conflict universal or typical in all cultures?
No
Parents in (traditional or western?) cultures are more likely to be concerned with adolescents’ conformity to cultural beliefs.
Traditional
True or False: Parents in traditional cultures tend to emphasize cultural beliefs about parental authority and interdependence.
True
True or False:
After leaving home, Emerging Adults:
Feel a greater closeness with their parents
Have fewer negative feelings toward their parents
Value their parents’ opinions
True
One implication that follows from increased rates of divorce in the U.S. is that mothers are (more or less?) likely to work.
More
As it pertains to divorce… Researchers studying psychological effects of divorce focus on a child’s exposure to conflict between their parents. True or false?
True
Effects of Mother’s Remarriage After Divorce:
Adolescent problems increase or decrease?
Increase
Parents remain important figures in the lives of adolescents, however the time spent with family through adolescence (declines or increases?) steeply
Declines
Time spent with same-gender friends remains ____?
Stable or the same
Time spent with other-gender friends (increases or decreases?)
Increases
When seeking advice, adolescents turn to _____ for issues related to education and future occupation, but prefer turning to _____ for more personal issues.
Parents; Friends
Primary Sources of Emotional Support:
Children prefer who?
Parents
True or False: Early Adolescents had an equal preference for Parents and Same-Gender Friends?
True
Mid & Late Adolescents prefer ___ for their primary sources of emotional support.
Same gender friends
Emerging Adults prefer _____ for their primary sources of emotional support.
Romantic Partners
Are these correct? Parents Influence their Adolescents’ Peer Relationships by:
Location of the Family Home
Choice of School
Religious Practices
Yes
True or False? Early adolescents become cognitively capable of greater perspective taking and empathy. This new capacity enables them to form friendships in which they truly care about their friends as individuals rather than simply as play partners.
True
The degree which two people share personal knowledge, thoughts, and feelings is known as?
Intimacy
Adolescents rate trust and loyalty as (more or less?) important to friendship than younger children do
More
True or False:
Adolescents tend to make Friends with people who are Similar to them in:
Age
Gender
Ethnicity
Educational Orientation (e.g., both work hard at school)
Media & Leisure Preferences (e.g., both like playing video games)
Participation in Risk Behavior (e.g., both engage in under-age drinking)
True
As children enter adolescence, friendships become (more or less?) interethnic, and by late adolescence they are generally ethnically segregated.
Less
Young people become (increasingly or decreasingly?) aware of society’s interethnic tensions and conflict, and this awareness fosters mutual mistrust.
Increasingly
True or False: Similarly, as adolescents begin to form an ethnic identity, they may begin to see the divisions between ethnic groups as sharper than they had perceived them before. These challenges continue in college and throughout adulthood, during which interethnic friendships are fairly uncommon.
True
For most people, friends’ influence is (strongest or weakest?) during middle adolescence.
Strongest
True or False:
Adolescents are Influenced by their Friends in:
Encouragement of Positive Behavior
Encouragement of Risk Behavior
Discouragement of Risk Behavior
True
The principle that most people tend to choose friends who are similar to themselves is known as
Selective Association
Types of Friendship Support. The principle that most people tend to choose friends who are similar to themselves is what?
Informational Support
What type of Friendship Support is this? Jack always asks his friend Toby when Jack needs help on his homework.
Instrumental Support
What type of Friendship Support is this? Jack and Toby always walk to school together, sit together at lunch, and go together to watch football games on Friday nights.
Companionship Support
What type of Friendship Support is this? Jack always turns to his friend Toby to celebrate his successes and make him feel better when he is feeling low.
Esteem Support
Small groups of friends, Who:
know each other well, do things together, and form a regular social group is a
Clique
Large, reputation-based groups (not necessarily close friends) to help adolescents define their identities are
Crowds
Elites (i.e., populars, preppies)
Athletes (i.e., jocks)
Academics (i.e., brains, nerds, geeks)
Deviants (i.e., druggies, burnouts)
Others (i.e., normals (don’t stand out); AND nobodies (mostly ignored by other students)
Are the 5 major types of (Crowds or Groups?) in Schools
Crowds
During early adolescence, most of a person’s social life takes place in same-sex ____.
Cliques
During mid adolescence, ____ become more differentiated (i.e., more crowds are created)
Crowds
During late adolescence, the importance of crowds (Increase or Decrease?).
Decrease
What are some Factors Related to Popularity across the Life Span
Physical Attractiveness
Social Skills
High Intelligence
Research shows lack of social skills is (MOST or LEAST?) connected with someone being viewed as a unpopular “nerd,” NOT high intelligence.
Most
Adolescents who are actively disliked by their peers are known as
Rejected Adolescents
Margo is unpopular and has trouble making friends. She is aggressive and last week started a fight by punching a girl. This is what type of Adolescent?
Rejected Adolescents
Adolescents who have few or no friends and are largely unnoticed by their peers are known as?
Neglected Adolescents
Jennifer feels very alone at school. She has only one person she could consider her friend. Jennifer believes that at school, she is basically “invisible” to others. This is an example of what type of adolescent?
Neglected Adolescent
Adolescents who are aggressive but who also possess social skills, so that they evoke strong emotions both positive and negative from their peers are known as
Controversial Adolescents
True or False: Controversial adolescents are both strongly liked and strongly disliked.
True
Friendships with controversial adolescents are high in intimacy and fun but also in physical and relational aggression
Controversial adolescents are more likely than popular adolescents to be the leader of a deviant peer group
Are these statements true or false?
True
The culture of young people as a whole, separate from children and separate from adult society, characterized by values of hedonism (i.e., personal pleasure) and irresponsibility defines?
Youth Culture
What are the 3 Essential Components to the Style of Youth Culture?
Image (e.g., unique youth dress, hairstyle, other aspects of appearance)
Demeanor (e.g., unique youth gestures, walk, posture, dance)
Argot (e.g., unique youth vocabulary & way of speaking)
Unique youth dress, hairstyle, other aspects of appearance are examples of?
Image
Unique youth gestures, walk, posture, dance are examples of?
Demeanor
Unique youth vocabulary & way of speaking are examples of?
Argot
Recreation
Learning
Status
Companionship
Intimacy
Courtship
are all reasons for?
Dating
Match this reason for dating:
fun and enjoyment
Example: a woman is on “Match.com” not to find a life partner, but because she likes going on dates
Recreation
Match this reason for dating:
practicing dating interaction skills
Example: how to act, what to wear
Learning
Match this reason for dating:
impressing peers
Example: bragging about how your boyfriend takes you on expensive vacations and buys you jewelry
Status
Match this reason for dating:
sharing pleasurable activities
Example: finding someone to go with you to movies or out to eat
Companionship
Match this reason for dating:
establishing a close emotional relationship
Example: I want to experience a warm, loving bond
Intimacy
Match this reason for dating:
seeking a steady partner
Example: You break up with Kevin and the next day look for another boyfriend; You don’t like being alone and you always need someone “there”
Courship
Is this for adolescents or Emerging Adults?
(top reasons for dating in rank order)
Recreation
Intimacy
Status
Adolescents
Is this for adolescents or Emerging Adults?
(top reasons for dating in rank order)
Intimacy
Companionship
Recreation
Emerging Adults
Middle Adolescence:
Boys: look for ______
Girls: look for interpersonal qualities (e.g., support & intimacy)
Boys: Physical Attractiveness
True or False
Late Adolescence:
Boys & Girls: both begin to look for interpersonal qualities in a partner (e.g., support, intimacy, communication, commitment, & passion)
True
What involves physical attraction & sexual desire.
Passion
What defines feelings of closeness & emotional attachment
Intimacy
What is the pledge to love someone long term?
Commitment
Sternberg’s Theory of Love:
Adolescent Love is best characterized by?
Infatuation
Sternberg’s Theory of Love
Emerging Adulthood Love is best characterized by?
Commitment in a relationship tends to develop in emerging adulthood
Adolescent Passion in Non-Western Cultures
Passion is seen as a universal characteristic of young people applying to virtually all cultures
True or False?
True
In most cultures, throughout most of history, marriages have been arranged by _____.
Parents
Falling in Love
Developmental Model of Adolescent Love
Initiation Phase
Status Phase
Affection Phase
Bonding Phase
Is this correct?
Yes
What phase of falling in love is this? Ed has a crush on Sandy, but wonders if his friend Cory will approve.
Initiation Phase
What phase of falling in love is this? Ed likes Sandy but he is not sure how to tell her and wants to avoid any direct rejection. So, Ed asks his friend Cory to ask Sandy if she like Ed.
Status Phase
What phase of falling in love is this? : Ed and Sandy have been dating for several months. Ed thinks he really loves Sandy. So, Ed relies on his friend Cory to make sure Sandy does not cheat on him, Cory also supports Ed when Ed and Sandy fight.
Affection Phase
What phase of love is this? Ed and Sandy are discussing getting married. Ed doesn’t spend much time with Cory any more, but Ed occasionally still turns to Cory for advice and guidance on Ed’s relationship with Sandy.
Bonding Phase
What is Breaking Up like for Adolescents & Emerging Adults?
Breaking up for Adolescents:
What may contribute to the intensity of the unhappiness following a breakup?
Egocentrism
Breaking up for Emerging Adults:
Most Common reason for breaking up is?
Boredom, Lack of common interests
Lexi’s boyfriend just broke up with her. Lexi feels like the world is over, she will never love again, and this is the worst thing that has ever happened to her! What is this an example of?
Egocentrism
Who is more likely to end the relationship?
Women
True or False?
Rejected Men:
tend to be lonelier, unhappier, and more depressed
found it harder to accept the end of the relationship and stay friends
more likely to engage in “romantic harassment” (e.g., stalking, still texting after the relationship ends, talking to their ex-partner’s friends)
True
The average age of first intercourse in the U.S. is around age?
17
What percent of college students report having had intercourse?
80%
True or False? Having sexual intercourse one time does not necessarily initiate a pattern of frequent intercourse from that point onward.
True
True or False? Typically, American adolescents will be in a sexually active romantic relationship for 6 months, after the relationship ends adolescents on average spend 3 months without having sex, before beginning another sexually active romantic relationship.
True
Define me. Cognitive frameworks, often different for males and females, for understanding how a sexual experience is supposed to proceed and how sexual experiences are to be interpreted.
Sexual Scripts
Sexual Scripts:
expected to “make the moves” (i.e., to be the sexual initiator); sexual attraction tends to outweigh emotional factors
Boys Scripts
Response to First Sexual Intercourse:
generally highly positive
(i.e. excitement, satisfaction, happiness)
take pride in telling their friends about it
is a response to who’s sexual script?
Boys
Sexual Scripts:
expected to set the limits on how far the sexual episode is allowed to progress; sexual scripts include romance, friendship, and emotional intimacy. Who’s script is this?
Girls’ Scripts
Response to First Sexual Intercourse:
much more ambivalent (due to concerns about pregnancy; cultural attitudes that view girls (but not boys) who engage in premarital sex as morally wrong)
more likely than boys to say their main reason was affection/love for their partner
less likely than boys to find the experience either physically or emotionally satisfying
much less likely than boys to tell their friends
Is a response to who’s sexual scripts?
Girls
Is this true?
Adolescents who have Sex Later (remain virgins through high school) are More likely to be:
late maturing adolescents
have higher academic success & more academic aspirations
more likely to be politically conservative and more religious
Yes it is true
These are characteristics of what?
late maturing adolescents
have higher academic success & more academic aspirations
more likely to be politically conservative and more religious
Adolescents who have Sex Later (remain virgins through high school)
Is this true?
Adolescents who have Sex Early (age 15 or younger) are More likely to:
be early users of drugs and alcohol
come from a single parent families
have grown up in poverty
Yes, it is true
be early users of drugs and alcohol
come from a single parent families
have grown up in poverty
These characteristics are characteristics of adolections who?
who have Sex Early (age 15 or younger)
Research is (the same, different, or mixed) regarding the role of communication between parents and adolescents and the timing of adolescents’ and first sexual intercourse.
Mixed
Some studies show girls whose mothers talk to them frequently about sex have their first sexual intercourse at a _____ age than their peers.
Younger
Other studies report that adolescents’ perceptions of parents’ disapproval of sexual intercourse in the teen years is associated with ____ age of first intercourse
Later
Girls who are closer to their mothers were (more or less?) likely to report having sex, (more or less?) likely to use contraception, and (more or less?) likely to become pregnant
less, more, less
An enduring sexual attraction towards members of either’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or opposite sex (heterosexual orientation) or both (bisexual orientation) defines…
Sexual Orientation
A person’s recognition of his/her own sexual orientation and then disclosing the truth to friends, family, and others is known as
Coming Out
True or False? The best predictor of homosexuality is homosexual feelings in childhood and early adolescence.
True
Due to _____ (fear and hatred of homosexuality) coming out can be a traumatic experience
Homophobia
Average age of Coming Out is currently ___ years old
16
For many LGBTs, the Coming Out process in ____ complete (a life-long process)
Never
___ often respond with dismay or anger when coming out.
Parents
True or False? LGBT adolescents whose parents reject them after learning of their Coming Out report higher rates of attempted suicide, high levels of depression, more likely to use illegal drugs, and are more likely to have unprotected sex .
True
Among American adolescents, contraceptive use is often (consistent or inconsistent?)
Inconsistent
Most adolescent sexual activity is _____ and _____.
Unplanned and Infrequent
Adolescents’ ability to anticipate consequences and plan for the future is only just developing when many adolescents become sexually active
Thus, leading to inconsistent contraceptive use
is known as
Cognitive Development
Factors that Influence Adolescent Contraceptive Use:
Age: Male & female adolescents are more likely to use contraception if they are in their late teens rather than those in their early teens
Relationship Status: Male & female adolescents are more likely to use contraception if they are in an ongoing relationship
Success at School: Male & female adolescents are more likely to use contraception if they are doing well in school
Income: Adolescents from low-income families are less likely than other adolescents to use contraception.
Core to the problem of inconsistent contraceptive use is the ____ messages that American adolescents receive about sexuality
Mixed
American society has a _____ approach to adolescent sex
Semi-Restrictive
True or False? In practice, American adolescents are not strongly prohibited from having sex, but neither is adolescent sex widely accepted
True
True or False? As a consequence, many American adolescents end up having sex occasionally but feeling guilty or at least ambivalent about it, and not really acknowledging that they are sexually active.
True
