Exam 2 Study (Carmyn's) Flashcards
capacity for exercising self-control in order to restrain one’s impulses and comply with social norms; Involves the development of a conscience (internal monitor of whether or not one complies with social norms) is
Self Regulation
Example: Being tempted to steal an unlocked bicycle is
Self-Regulation
_____ Indicate what is:
Important
Valued
To be lived for
Sources of Meaning
_____ provide consolation, guidance, and hope to those confronting existential* (*What is the meaning of life?) questions
Sources of Meaning
____ Contrasting Discussion of Individualism and Collectivism. Characterize cultures in terms of “broad” and “narrow”
Each term refers to the range of individual differences that a culture allows/encourages.
Socialization Beliefs
Can 2 drives co-exist? If so give an example.
Yes, Being competitive at work & maintaining harmony among family members
______ include Peers & Friends, School & Teachers, and Media, & Community
Sources of Socialization
_____ Socialization
Focus on: Individualism
Encourages: Individual uniqueness, Independence, and Self-expression
Broad Socialization
_____ Socialization
Focus on: Collectivism
Encourages: Obedience & Conformity to culture’s norms (& expectations)
Narrow Socialization
A normative practice within a culture and the beliefs, values, sanctions, rules, motives, and satisfactions that provide the basis for that practice is…
Custom Complex
Example: Dating Practices (in Western Cultures)
Reflects belief that adolescents and emerging adults should be allowed to have a substantial amount of independent time
Reflects cultural belief that young people should have the right to independently choose with whom to have intimate relationships are both examples of what?
Custom Complex
Many studies have shown that cultural beliefs of American minority cultures are more_____ than the individualistic cultural beliefs of the American majority Culture
collectivistic
What culture am I? Strong sense of duty and obligation (strong ties) to family
Latino Culture
What culture am I? Key Criterion of Becoming an Adult: Being capable of financially supporting parents (and other immediate family members)
Asian American Culture
Religions typically specify a _______ which usually contain rules for:
Focus on Self-Regulation
Role Preparation
Sources of Meaning
Code for Behavior
Who has more religious people than virtually any other industrialized country in the world?
The United States
Three Characteristics that _____ Adolescent Religiosity:
If parents have the same religion/beliefs
Amount of parents’ participation in Religion
Amount that Parents talk about Religious Beliefs
Increase
Two Characteristics that _____ Adolescent Religiosity:
Parents disagree about Religion/Have differing religious beliefs
Parents are divorced
Decrease
What Theory based on participants’ explanation of their conclusions to dilemma discussions. Participants: 10, 13, and 16 year old boys
Kholberg’s Theory
Kholberg’s Theory: The 3 levels of reasoning (Moral Development are)…
Preconventional Reasoning
Stage 1
Stage 2
Conventional Reasoning
Stage 3
Stage 4
Postconventional Reasoning
Stage 5
Stage 6
Kholberg’s Theory stage 1 and 2 is called…
Preconventional Reasoning
Kholberg’s Theory in stage 3 and 4 is called…
Conventional Reasoning
Kholberg’s Theory in stage 5 and 6 is called…
Post conventional Reasoning
What level of reasoning am I? Rule enforcers, not the rules themselves, influence one’s actions
Pre conventional Reasoning
What level of reasoning is this example? “Lying is wrong because Mom will punish me for lying.”
Pre Conventional Reasoning
What level of reasoning am I? “Right” is what agrees with rules established by society, authority, and tradition.
Conventional Reasoning
What level of reasoning is this example? “It is against the law to run a red light. Thus, I would never run a red light, even if no other cars were around.”
Conventional Reasoning
What level of reasoning am I? “Right” comes from self-derived, universal principles.
Post Conventional Reasoning
What level of reasoning is this example? “I have put much thought into thinking into what it means to be a good person, and I want to dedicate my efforts to helping others who are in need.”
Post Conventional Reasoning
After following his participants for 20 years, Kohlberg found that how many people had reached the Postconventional Stage 6.
NONE
Which critic am I?
Biased toward males (research only included male participants)
Biased toward a Justice Orientation: (vs. Care Orientation: most values relationships)
Moral orientation that most values abstract principles of justice, equality, and fairness
Carol Gilligan’s Gender Critique of Kholberg
Which critic am I?
Biased in favor of Individualistic thinking
Biased in favor of Secular (non-religious) thinking
Richard Shweder‘s Cultural Critique of Kholberg
Which critic am I? Moral reasoning is rooted in cultural beliefs.
People’s responses to moral issues are based on one of three worldviews (also referred to as “ethics”)
(Schweder’s) Worldviews Approach to Moral Development
_____ is a set of cultural beliefs that explain what it means to be human, how human relations should be conducted, and how human problems should be addressed.
Worldview
What are the Three Ethics of the Worldviews Approach?
The Ethic of Autonomy
The Ethic of Community
The Ethic of Divinity
What ethic of the Worldviews Approach am I? Defines the individual as the primary moral authority
The Ethic of Autonomy
What ethic of the Worldviews Approach am I? Defines the individual as members of social groups to which they have commitments and obligations
Responsibilities of roles in the family, community, and other groups are the basis of one’s moral judgments
The Ethic of Community
What ethic of the Worldviews Approach am I?
Defines the individual as a spiritual entity, subject to the prescriptions of a divine authority/religious beliefs
Includes moral views based on traditional religious authorities and religious texts (e.g., the Bible, the Koran)
The Ethic of Divinity
“______ Mode” is defined as Increased use of abstract ideas
Increased tendency to see laws as social (human) constructions that may be changed if necessary
“Cognitive Mode”
Balancing the goal of the law with considerations such as individual rights and long-term vs. short-term costs and benefits is known as
Sharp Decline in Support for Authoritarian Political Systems
Developing a set of beliefs that serves as a basis for personal political attitudes is known as
Capacity to Develop an Ideology
______ refers to the social categories of male & female
Gender
Girls tend to have a more negative body image than boys is an example of gender or sex?
Gender
____ refers to the biological status of being male or
female.
Sex
Boys tend to reach the growth spurt two years later than girls is an example of gender or sex?
Sex
In traditional cultures
Girls typically work alongside their mothers from an early age
Girls typically maintain a close relationship with their mothers
During adolescence the ‘world contracts for girls’
Girls endure new restrictions observed for women
Girls have narrower socialization at adolescence because
their budding sexuality is more likely to be tightly restricted
This is an example of ____ to _____.
Girl to Woman
In Traditional cultures
Boys typically have less contact with their families and more
contact with peers
During adolescence the ‘world expands for boys;” socialization
becomes broader; boys generally have more freedom (than
girls)
Boys enjoy new privileges reserved for men
For boys, manhood is something that has to be achieved.
This is an example of ____ to ____.
Boy to Man
In most cultures an adolescent boy must demonstrate
three capacities before he is considered a man. What are they?
- Provide: show skills that are economically useful
- Protect: show he can contribute to protecting his family,
kinship group, tribe, or other group - Procreate: must gain some degree of sexual
experience before marriage
To show skills that are economically useful is?
Providing
Show he can contribute to protecting his family,
kinship group, tribe, or other group is
Protecting
must gain some degree of sexual experience before marriage is
Procreating
In cultures with narrow patterns of
socialization, it tends to be (little or most) narrow in
terms of gender expectations.
most
