Exam 2 Study (Carmyn's) Flashcards
1
Q
capacity for exercising self-control in order to restrain one’s impulses and comply with social norms; Involves the development of a conscience (internal monitor of whether or not one complies with social norms) is
A
Self Regulation
2
Q
Example: Being tempted to steal an unlocked bicycle is
A
Self-Regulation
3
Q
_____ Indicate what is:
Important
Valued
To be lived for
A
Sources of Meaning
4
Q
_____ provide consolation, guidance, and hope to those confronting existential* (*What is the meaning of life?) questions
A
Sources of Meaning
5
Q
____ Contrasting Discussion of Individualism and Collectivism. Characterize cultures in terms of “broad” and “narrow”
Each term refers to the range of individual differences that a culture allows/encourages.
A
Socialization Beliefs
6
Q
Can 2 drives co-exist? If so give an example.
A
Yes, Being competitive at work & maintaining harmony among family members
7
Q
______ include Peers & Friends, School & Teachers, and Media, & Community
A
Sources of Socialization
8
Q
_____ Socialization
Focus on: Individualism
Encourages: Individual uniqueness, Independence, and Self-expression
A
Broad Socialization
9
Q
_____ Socialization
Focus on: Collectivism
Encourages: Obedience & Conformity to culture’s norms (& expectations)
A
Narrow Socialization
10
Q
A normative practice within a culture and the beliefs, values, sanctions, rules, motives, and satisfactions that provide the basis for that practice is…
A
Custom Complex
11
Q
Example: Dating Practices (in Western Cultures)
Reflects belief that adolescents and emerging adults should be allowed to have a substantial amount of independent time
Reflects cultural belief that young people should have the right to independently choose with whom to have intimate relationships are both examples of what?
A
Custom Complex
12
Q
Many studies have shown that cultural beliefs of American minority cultures are more_____ than the individualistic cultural beliefs of the American majority Culture
A
collectivistic
13
Q
What culture am I? Strong sense of duty and obligation (strong ties) to family
A
Latino Culture
14
Q
What culture am I? Key Criterion of Becoming an Adult: Being capable of financially supporting parents (and other immediate family members)
A
Asian American Culture
15
Q
Religions typically specify a _______ which usually contain rules for:
Focus on Self-Regulation
Role Preparation
Sources of Meaning
A
Code for Behavior
16
Q
Who has more religious people than virtually any other industrialized country in the world?
A
The United States
17
Q
Three Characteristics that _____ Adolescent Religiosity:
If parents have the same religion/beliefs
Amount of parents’ participation in Religion
Amount that Parents talk about Religious Beliefs
A
Increase
18
Q
Two Characteristics that _____ Adolescent Religiosity:
Parents disagree about Religion/Have differing religious beliefs
Parents are divorced
A
Decrease
19
Q
What Theory based on participants’ explanation of their conclusions to dilemma discussions. Participants: 10, 13, and 16 year old boys
A
Kholberg’s Theory
20
Q
Kholberg’s Theory: The 3 levels of reasoning (Moral Development are)…
A
Preconventional Reasoning
Stage 1
Stage 2
Conventional Reasoning
Stage 3
Stage 4
Postconventional Reasoning
Stage 5
Stage 6
21
Q
Kholberg’s Theory stage 1 and 2 is called…
A
Preconventional Reasoning
22
Q
Kholberg’s Theory in stage 3 and 4 is called…
A
Conventional Reasoning
23
Q
Kholberg’s Theory in stage 5 and 6 is called…
A
Post conventional Reasoning
24
Q
What level of reasoning am I? Rule enforcers, not the rules themselves, influence one’s actions
A
Pre conventional Reasoning
25
What level of reasoning is this example? “Lying is wrong because Mom will punish me for lying.”
Pre Conventional Reasoning
26
What level of reasoning am I? “Right” is what agrees with rules established by society, authority, and tradition.
Conventional Reasoning
27
What level of reasoning is this example? “It is against the law to run a red light. Thus, I would never run a red light, even if no other cars were around.”
Conventional Reasoning
28
What level of reasoning am I? “Right” comes from self-derived, universal principles.
Post Conventional Reasoning
29
What level of reasoning is this example? “I have put much thought into thinking into what it means to be a good person, and I want to dedicate my efforts to helping others who are in need.”
Post Conventional Reasoning
30
**After following his participants for 20 years, Kohlberg found that how many people had reached the Postconventional Stage 6.**
NONE
31
Which critic am I?
Biased toward males (research only included male participants)
Biased toward a Justice Orientation: (vs. Care Orientation: most values relationships)
Moral orientation that most values abstract principles of justice, equality, and fairness
Carol Gilligan’s Gender Critique of Kholberg
32
Which critic am I?
Biased in favor of Individualistic thinking
Biased in favor of Secular (non-religious) thinking
Richard Shweder‘s Cultural Critique of Kholberg
33
Which critic am I? Moral reasoning is rooted in cultural beliefs.
People’s responses to moral issues are based on one of three worldviews (also referred to as “ethics”)
(Schweder’s) Worldviews Approach to Moral Development
34
_____ is a set of cultural beliefs that explain what it means to be human, how human relations should be conducted, and how human problems should be addressed.
Worldview
35
What are the Three Ethics of the Worldviews Approach?
The Ethic of Autonomy
The Ethic of Community
The Ethic of Divinity
36
What ethic of the Worldviews Approach am I? Defines the individual as the primary moral authority
The Ethic of Autonomy
37
What ethic of the Worldviews Approach am I? Defines the individual as members of social groups to which they have commitments and obligations
Responsibilities of roles in the family, community, and other groups are the basis of one’s moral judgments
The Ethic of Community
38
What ethic of the Worldviews Approach am I?
Defines the individual as a spiritual entity, subject to the prescriptions of a divine authority/religious beliefs
Includes moral views based on traditional religious authorities and religious texts (e.g., the Bible, the Koran)
The Ethic of Divinity
39
"______ Mode" is defined as Increased use of abstract ideas
Increased tendency to see laws as social (human) constructions that may be changed if necessary
"Cognitive Mode"
40
Balancing the goal of the law with considerations such as individual rights and long-term vs. short-term costs and benefits is known as
Sharp Decline in Support for Authoritarian Political Systems
41
Developing a set of beliefs that serves as a basis for personal political attitudes is known as
Capacity to Develop an Ideology
42
______ refers to the social categories of male & female
Gender
43
Girls tend to have a more negative body image than boys is an example of gender or sex?
Gender
44
____ refers to the biological status of being male or
female.
Sex
45
Boys tend to reach the growth spurt two years later than girls is an example of gender or sex?
Sex
46
In traditional cultures
Girls typically work alongside their mothers from an early age
Girls typically maintain a close relationship with their mothers
During adolescence the ‘world contracts for girls’
Girls endure new restrictions observed for women
Girls have narrower socialization at adolescence because
their budding sexuality is more likely to be tightly restricted
This is an example of ____ to _____.
Girl to Woman
47
In Traditional cultures
Boys typically have less contact with their families and more
contact with peers
During adolescence the ‘world expands for boys;” socialization
becomes broader; boys generally have more freedom (than
girls)
Boys enjoy new privileges reserved for men
For boys, manhood is something that has to be achieved.
This is an example of ____ to ____.
Boy to Man
48
In most cultures an adolescent boy must demonstrate
three capacities before he is considered a man. What are they?
1. Provide: show skills that are economically useful
2. Protect: show he can contribute to protecting his family,
kinship group, tribe, or other group
3. Procreate: must gain some degree of sexual
experience before marriage
49
To show skills that are economically useful is?
Providing
50
Show he can contribute to protecting his family,
kinship group, tribe, or other group is
Protecting
51
must gain some degree of sexual experience before marriage is
Procreating
52
In cultures with narrow patterns of
socialization, it tends to be (little or most) narrow in
terms of gender expectations.
most
53
Among adolescents in traditional cultures, boys
and girls live very different lives and spend (a lot or a little)
time together
little
54
Psychological and behavioral difference between
males and females become more pronounced at adolescence because of the intensified socialization
pressures to conform to culturally prescribed roles is known as...
Gender Intensification Hypothesis
55
In Gender Intensification Hypothesis Girls, compared to boys, are
socialized to take (More or Less) interest in forming
intimate friendships and focusing on their
physical appearance (thus, becoming more self-
conscious)
More
56
Socializing boys and girls according to different expectations
Creates an understanding of ‘appropriate’ behaviors for males
and females
Differential socialization most often results from how parents
and teachers were socialized
Reflects a culture’s beliefs about gender
Parents and teachers may do this without even thinking consciously about what they are doing
are all examples of what?
Differential Gender Socialization
57
Conformity to gender roles during early adolescence is
(Most or Less) likely among adolescents whose parents influenced
them toward gender compliance
Most
58
The increase in the intensity of gender socialization at
adolescence is (Greater or Less) for girls than for boys
Greater
59
Research shows over a two-year period, girls
in grades 6, 7, & 8 changed their self-descriptions by
describing themselves as (More or Less?) feminine
More
59
60
_________
Kohlberg’s theory based on Piaget’s ideas about
cognitive development, asserting that gender is a
fundamental way of organizing ideas about the
world and that children develop through a
predictable series of stages in their understanding
of gender
Cognitive-Developmental Theory of Gender
61
Children’s understanding of themselves as being
either male or female, reached at about age 3 is described as?
Gender Identity
62
In gender socialization, the way that children seek to
maintain consistency between the gender norms they have learned and their behavior is known as...
Self-Socialization
63
Theory in which gender is viewed as one of the
fundamental ways that people organize information
about the world is known as?
Gender Schema Theory
64
A mental structure for organizing and interpreting
information is known as
Schema
65
Girls playing “dress up;” Boys playing football is considered Traditional or Contemporary Gender Schema?
Traditional Gender Schema
66
Girls playing video games; Boys playing “chef” is considered Traditional or Contemporary Gender Schema?
Contemporary Gender Schema
67
A belief that others possess certain
characteristics simply as a result of being a
member of a particular group is known as a?
Stereotype
68
Gender (masculine & feminine) stereotypes
can be viewed as a type of?
Gender Schema
69
Both female and male gender roles reflect challenges faced
in _____ history.
African American
70
_____ traditional female role of being submissive and self-denying.
Marianismo
71
_____ raditional male role which emphasizes males’
dominance over females.
Machismo
72
Asian American Female Role as submissive and
exotic.
Asian American Male Roles as high in intelligence
but poor at sports and less masculine than other men.
Both are examples of?
U.S. Media Stereotypes
73
Even when there is a statistically significant
difference between males and females, for
most characteristics there is nevertheless
(More or Less?) similarity than difference between
genders
More
74
True or False: Gender schemas tend to shape the way we notice,
interpret, and remember INFORMATION according
to our expectations about genders.
True
75
True or False: Once we have formed ideas about how males and females
are different, we tend to notice events and information that
confirm our expectations and disregard or dismiss
anything that does not.
True
76
the view that social roles for males and females enhance or
supress different capabilities, so that males and females tend
to develop different skills and attitudes, which leads to gender-specific behaviors
The differences in males’ and females’ behavior seem to confirm
the appropriateness of the different gender roles is what theory?
Social Roles Theory
77
Females are “natural” caregivers & males are not, is an example of what theory?
Social Roles Theory
78
Describing oneself in terms of concepts / ideas is known as...
Abstract
79
Adolescents use terms that reflect their _____
characteristics.
Personality
80
Examples of personality characteristics adolescents use include:
“sensitive” “outgoing” “shy” “anxious”
81
What self am I? a person’s perception of the self as it is (real you), contrasted with the possible self
Actual Self
82
What self am I? a person’s conception of the self as it
potentially may be; may include both an Ideal Self and a Feared Self
Possible Selves
83
What self am I? the person an adolescent would like
(aspires) to be.
Ideal Self
84
What self am I? the self a person imagines it is possible to become but dreads (wants to avoid) becoming.
Feared Self
85
For adolescents feelings of (Success or Failure?) may result from awareness of a difference between the Actual Self and the Ideal Self
Failure
86
What self am I? adolescents begin to recognize that their
personalities and behavior can be contradictory and
can vary in different situations
Complex
87
What self am I? “I tend to be shy in front of other students
at school, but I am outgoing with my friends.”
Complex
88
What are Harter’s 8 Domains of Adolescent Self-image?
Scholastic Competence
Social Acceptance
Athletic Competence
Physical Appearance
Job Competence
Romantic Appeal
Behavioral Conduct
Close Friendship
89
What is the Most Important Domain to Adolescents’ Global Self-Esteem?
Physical Appearance
90
Are these T or F? Adolescent girls are more likely than boys to emphasize physical
appearance as a basis for self-esteem.
Girls have a more negative body image than boys and are more
critical of their physical appearance.
During adolescence, girls’ normal physical development is at odds
with a cultural ideal of thinness.
Because physical appearance is most important to their global self-esteem, girls’ self-esteem tends to be lower than boys’ during
adolescence.
All T
91
When people feel they lack a sufficient number of
social contacts and relationships is Social or Emotional Loneliness?
Social Loneliness
92
When people feel that the relationships they have
lack sufficient closeness and intimacy is social or emotional loneliness?
Emotional Loneliness
93
Central task of adolescence focuses on _____.
Identity vs. Identity Confusion
94
94
Individuals may follow the healthy path of establishing a clear and definite sense of who they are and how they fit into the world around them, or follow the unhealthy
alternative of failing to form a stable and secure identity is known as?
Identity vs Identity Confusion
95
What are the key areas of identity formation?
Love, Work, & Ideology (one’s values & beliefs)
96
A period of identity exploration in
adolescence when adult responsibilities are postponed as young
people try on various possible selves is known as?
Psychosocial Moratorium
97
An approach to conceptualizing and
researching identity development that
classifies people into one of four identity
categories is?
Identity Status Model
98
Each identity status contains a different
combination of ____ and ______.
Exploration and
Commitment
99
Identity Diffusion:
combines ____ exploration with ____ commitment. ____ commitments
have been made among the available paths of identity formation,
and the person is not seriously attempting to sort through potential
choices and make enduring commitments
no, no, no
100
Research in Identity:
Jack is 28 years old and still hasn’t settled down. He
tried college a couple of times and quit, because he couldn’t decide on a career. He plays in a band on weekends, but doesn’t
really like performing. He hasn’t really tried to figure out what he wants to do for work, and just can’t stick with any plan. What identity is this?
Identity Diffusion
101
Identity Moratorium:
involves ____ but ____ commitment; young people are
trying out different personal, occupational, and ideological
possibilities.
Exploration, no
102
Alexis is trying to decide if she wants a career in
psychology or biology. She is taking classes in both fields, has an
internship in psychology and is doing research with a professor in
biology, but she has not yet decided which major she prefers.
What identity is this?
Identity Moratorium
103
Identity Foreclosure: involves ____ with ____ exploration; young people have not explored a range of possibilities but have committed themselves to a certain choices
Commitment, no
104
Dan is certain about his future. He will follow in his
grandfather’s and father’s footsteps by majoring in business and
have a career running his family’s window company. He is not planning to pursue any other interests, because he believes
staying focused on business will benefit him most.
What identity is this?
Identity Foreclosure
105
Identity Achievement: involves ____ in exploration and having ____ a commitment; young people who have made a definite personal,
occupational, and ideological choices following a period of
exploring possible alternatives
Engaging, made
106
Sarah began college as an engineering major, but after volunteering as a camp counselor for two summers, she decided
to switch her major to psychology. She is certain she will complete
her psychology major, continue to a graduate program in psychology, and have a long career as an adolescent
psychologist.
What identity am I?
Identity Achievement
107
Like other identity issues, issues of ethnic identity come to
the forefront in adolescence because of the _______ that adolescents develop
cognitive
capacities
108
For adolescents from minority cultures, self reflection may bring
about a heightened awareness of:
What it means to be a member of a minority group
Cultural stereotypes others may hold
Differences between the majority and minority cultures
109
Adopting the ways of the majority culture and leaving the ethnic culture behind is known as
Assimilation
110
High Identification with the Majority Culture; Low
Identification with the Ethnic Culture is?
Assimilation
111
“My family is from Cuba and moved to the U.S., but
I see myself as completely American.” is an example of?
Assimilation
112
**Adolescents who are assimilated have (Higher or Lower?) self- esteem**
Higher
113
Rejecting one’s ethnic culture, but also feeling rejected by the majority culture is known as
Marginality
114
Low Identification with the Majority Culture; Low
Identification with the Ethnic Culture is...
Marginality
115
“My family is from Cuba and moved to the
U.S., but I don’t feel Cuban and I don’t feel American. I
don’t feel like I belong to any group” is an example of...
Marginality
116
Associating only with members of one’s own ethnic group and
rejecting the ways of the majority culture is known as?
Seperation
117
Low Identification with the Majority Culture; High Identification with
the Ethnic Culture is known as...
Seperation
118
“My family is from Cuba and moved to the U.S., but I don’t feel American. I feel completely Cuban.” is an example of?
Seperation
119
What is most likely to result from discrimination experienced by
minorities?
Seperation
120
Developing a dual identity, one based in the ethnic group of origin and one
based in the majority culture is?
Bicultural
121
High Identification with the Majority Culture; High Identification with the
Ethnic Culture is?
Bicultural
122
“My family is from Cuba and moved to the U.S., and I see myself as
both Cuban and American” is an example of?
Bicultural
123
**____ and ____
adolescents are more likely to view themselves as bicultural.**
Latino and Asian
124
**Adolescents who are bicultural have (Higher or Lower) self-esteem**
Higher
125
Due to ____ more youth around
the world are adopting a bicultural identity.
Globalization
126
_____ is the exchange of world views,
products, and ideas to different cultures around
the world; making different parts of the world
increasingly connected and increasingly
similar culturally)
Globalization
127
Integrating local culture with elements of
the global culture is known as?
Hybrid Identity
128
Similar to bicultural identity, but goes further, Hybrid Identity actually
_____ traditional cultural practices and ideas
changing
129
_____ adapting to the rapid changes
taking place in their own culture is proves difficult;
similarly, the ways of the global culture seem too
different
Marginalized Identity
130
Marginalized Identity results in...
Identity Confusion
