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RADT 150 Intro to Radiography > Exam 3 Film > Flashcards

Exam 3 Film Flashcards

1
Q

Correct order of image processing

A

development, fixer, wash, dryer

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2
Q

Developing solution responsible for the manifestation of shades of gray

A

Reducing agent

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3
Q

Average temperature of a 90 second chemical processor

A

95 degrees

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4
Q

Phenidone purpose

A

reducing agent

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5
Q

sodium carbonate purpose

A

activator

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6
Q

chrom alum purpose

A

hardener in fixer solution

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7
Q

glutaraldehyde purpose

A

hardener in developing solution

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8
Q

potassium bromide purpose

A

restainer

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9
Q

High pH values required for proper development are maintained by the addition of the activator called

A

sodium carbonate

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10
Q

Replenishment rate of developer chemicals for every 14 x 17 film processed

A

60 ml

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11
Q

Reducing agent responsible for the darker shades of gray on a manifest image

A

hydroquinone

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12
Q

The unexposed silver halide crystals are removed from the film emulsion during

A

fixation

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13
Q

What is added to the chemical as a preservative?

A

sodium sulfate

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14
Q

Most common cause of a film getting jammed in the chemical film process is due to a lack of

A

hardener

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15
Q

Neutralizer in the fixer that stops the action of the development solutions

A

acetic acid

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16
Q

Method of silver recovery that uses steel wool to extract unused silver atoms from the fixer solution

A

Replacement

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17
Q

hypo-retention which will eventually cause image fading is due to

A

excessive sodium thiosulfate

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18
Q

Ideal temperature for darkroom

A

50 degrees F

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19
Q

Higher (inconsistent) temperatures in storage of film will cause

A

increased fog, increased density, lower contrast

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20
Q

Ideal humidity for dark room storage

A

50%

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21
Q

What happens to film over 60% humidity

A

increases fog, reduces contrast

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22
Q

Fog level of darkroom

A

.2 mR

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23
Q

purpose of Kodalk

A

activator (sodium metaborate), does not crease blistering when immersed in cooler fixer

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24
Q

Antifog agent

A

restainer

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25
Prevents the reducing agents from attacking the unexposed silver halide crystals and causing overdevelopment
potassium bromide
26
Primary medium or solvent
water
27
Continual development of the radiographic image will occur if this chemical is not present
acetic acid
28
a latent image is one that
is present immediately after exposure and before processing
29
Formation of the latent image depends on
concentration of silver halide crystals, response to the sensitivity specks, the amount of energy released in the films emulsion chemical processing
30
silver halide crystals are made up of what 3 elements?
Bromides, silver, iodides
31
the active component of the film interacting with the energy released by the x ray photons and responsible for creating varying densities
sensitivity specks
32
where are the silver halide crystals embedded in the films emulsion?
clear gelatin
33
when would a halation effect occur?
with single screen emulsion, adding density where it shouldnt be
34
what may happen to unexposed film that is expired?
begins to fog
35
why may detail decrease with a cassette that contains 2 films/double emulssion?
the crossover effect of the screen fluorescence
36
how does the film emulsion attach to the base layer?
adhesive layer
37
what charge are Bromide ions?
negative
38
on the film base, what does the blue tint do?
reduces glare
39
True or False: The concentration of silver halide crystals is directly proportional to its ability to produce detail.
true
40
Fluorescence is a term used to describe the ability of a screen to
glow during exposure to radiation
41
as screen ages, it often continues to glow passed its optimal amount of phosphorecence and produces an increased amount of density of a film, this process is termed
screen lag
42
how do we prevent screen lag from happening?
use the oldest film [film in the front] before using the new film in the bin
43
name the three phosphorescence crystals that make up rare earth screens:
yytrium tantalate, lanthanum oxybromide, gadolidium oxysulfide
44
For every one x-ray photon, an intensifying screen can convert the energy and produce
3000 to 10000 light photons
45
the ability of a screen to change x ray photons into visible light is called
conversion efficiency
46
Recorded detail will decrease when using intensifying screens constructed with:
light absorbing dyes
47
In order for a film amd intensifying screen to work synergistically, the film must be sensitive to the color and wavelength of the emitted by the intensifying screen. This is termed
spectral matching
48
A screen's spectral emission refers to
the color of light a phosphor will produce
49
Changing from a relative screen speed of 50 to one with a relative speed of 200 would result in an decrease in:
patient dose
50
The construction of intensifying screens include which of the following components?
protective coating polyester base reflective layer
51
true or false: An increased temperature decreases screen speed?
false
52
in an intensifying screen, what is the phosphor layer responsible for?
light emission
53
What are the primary benefits of film-screen imaging systems over digital imaging systems?
greater spatial resolution less expensive less radiation needed to produce the same density
54
Rare earth screens are generally more efficient than calcium tungstate screens, because of their:
higher speed greater absorption capabilities greater conversion efficiency
55
modern film base is made of ____________
polyester
56
In order for film to be useful over a long period of time and maintain its size, shape and image quality, it must possess which if the following characteristics?
radiolucency dimensional stability flexibility
57
How do the silver halide elements form the crystal lattice?
ionic bonds between the silver and bromide atoms with imperfections on the surface
58
define base plus fog (base + fog)
The low level density present on all radiographic film before exposure to x-rays or light photons
59
what amount of density (DU) is known as the maximum density on a film?
2.0 DU
60
the sensitivity of a film is based on its
speed point
61
A film with a high optimal density number but a low radiation exposure represents what?
minimum density [white on film
62
If you were responsible for purchasing a new film/ screen system that would further reduce patient dose while maintaining radiographic detail, which of the following system would you choose? why?
400 [middle] [because 200 is too much exposure, and 800 reduces resolution because it is inversely related to speed, 1000 same thing too high]
63
what is the safelight filter color used with rare earth screen systems?
dark red
64
at what TEMPERATURE degree should a film be ideally stored?
45 degrees
65
If radiographic film is stored in a room maintained at less than 40% humidity, the following will occur?
the film will become dry and brittle static marks will appear electrons will discharge in the emulsion
66
Scratches running the length of a processed film is most likely caused by:
misaligned guide shoes
67
A sensitized artifact is one that could be caused by:
exposure of a necklace during a chest exam
68
An unwanted density on a manifest image as a result of changes in humidity in the film storage area are termed an:
handling and storage
69
Which type of silver recovery system uses copper and zinc electrode to extract unused silver atoms from the fixer solution?
galvanic
70
Unexposed and unused silver crystals are removed from the film emulsion during which stage of chemical processing?
fixation
71
The reducing agent responsible for the development of the lower shades of gray on a manifest image is:
phenidone
72
The control of swelling and reduction of emulsion scratches is accomplished by:
hardening agents
73
the chemical added as a preservative and to prevent rapid chemical oxidation is
sodium sulfite
74
the high pH values required for proper development are maintained by the addition of an activator called
sodium carbonate
75
after the photons interact with the silver halide crystals, the bonds are broken and the silver becomes black metallic silver and the bromide and iodide atoms do what?
they are free to migrate to the gelatin

RADT 150 Intro to Radiography (2 decks)

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