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RADT 150 Intro to Radiography > Exam 3 Film > Flashcards

Exam 3 Film Flashcards

1
Q

Correct order of image processing

A

development, fixer, wash, dryer

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2
Q

Developing solution responsible for the manifestation of shades of gray

A

Reducing agent

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3
Q

Average temperature of a 90 second chemical processor

A

95 degrees

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4
Q

Phenidone purpose

A

reducing agent

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5
Q

sodium carbonate purpose

A

activator

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6
Q

chrom alum purpose

A

hardener in fixer solution

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7
Q

glutaraldehyde purpose

A

hardener in developing solution

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8
Q

potassium bromide purpose

A

restainer

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9
Q

High pH values required for proper development are maintained by the addition of the activator called

A

sodium carbonate

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10
Q

Replenishment rate of developer chemicals for every 14 x 17 film processed

A

60 ml

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11
Q

Reducing agent responsible for the darker shades of gray on a manifest image

A

hydroquinone

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12
Q

The unexposed silver halide crystals are removed from the film emulsion during

A

fixation

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13
Q

What is added to the chemical as a preservative?

A

sodium sulfate

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14
Q

Most common cause of a film getting jammed in the chemical film process is due to a lack of

A

hardener

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15
Q

Neutralizer in the fixer that stops the action of the development solutions

A

acetic acid

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16
Q

Method of silver recovery that uses steel wool to extract unused silver atoms from the fixer solution

A

Replacement

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17
Q

hypo-retention which will eventually cause image fading is due to

A

excessive sodium thiosulfate

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18
Q

Ideal temperature for darkroom

A

50 degrees F

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19
Q

Higher (inconsistent) temperatures in storage of film will cause

A

increased fog, increased density, lower contrast

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20
Q

Ideal humidity for dark room storage

A

50%

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21
Q

What happens to film over 60% humidity

A

increases fog, reduces contrast

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22
Q

Fog level of darkroom

A

.2 mR

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23
Q

purpose of Kodalk

A

activator (sodium metaborate), does not crease blistering when immersed in cooler fixer

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24
Q

Antifog agent

A

restainer

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25
Q

Prevents the reducing agents from attacking the unexposed silver halide crystals and causing overdevelopment

A

potassium bromide

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26
Q

Primary medium or solvent

A

water

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27
Q

Continual development of the radiographic image will occur if this chemical is not present

A

acetic acid

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28
Q

a latent image is one that

A

is present immediately after exposure and before processing

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29
Q

Formation of the latent image depends on

A

concentration of silver halide crystals, response to the sensitivity specks, the amount of energy released in the films emulsion chemical processing

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30
Q

silver halide crystals are made up of what 3 elements?

A

Bromides, silver, iodides

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31
Q

the active component of the film interacting with the energy released by the x ray photons and responsible for creating varying densities

A

sensitivity specks

32
Q

where are the silver halide crystals embedded in the films emulsion?

A

clear gelatin

33
Q

when would a halation effect occur?

A

with single screen emulsion, adding density where it shouldnt be

34
Q

what may happen to unexposed film that is expired?

A

begins to fog

35
Q

why may detail decrease with a cassette that contains 2 films/double emulssion?

A

the crossover effect of the screen fluorescence

36
Q

how does the film emulsion attach to the base layer?

A

adhesive layer

37
Q

what charge are Bromide ions?

A

negative

38
Q

on the film base, what does the blue tint do?

A

reduces glare

39
Q

True or False: The concentration of silver halide crystals is directly proportional to its ability to produce detail.

A

true

40
Q

Fluorescence is a term used to describe the ability of a screen to

A

glow during exposure to radiation

41
Q

as screen ages, it often continues to glow passed its optimal amount of phosphorecence and produces an increased amount of density of a film, this process is termed

A

screen lag

42
Q

how do we prevent screen lag from happening?

A

use the oldest film [film in the front] before using the new film in the bin

43
Q

name the three phosphorescence crystals that make up rare earth screens:

A

yytrium tantalate, lanthanum oxybromide, gadolidium oxysulfide

44
Q

For every one x-ray photon, an intensifying screen can convert the energy and produce

A

3000 to 10000 light photons

45
Q

the ability of a screen to change x ray photons into visible light is called

A

conversion efficiency

46
Q

Recorded detail will decrease when using intensifying screens constructed with:

A

light absorbing dyes

47
Q

In order for a film amd intensifying screen to work synergistically, the film must be sensitive to the color and wavelength of the emitted by the intensifying screen. This is termed

A

spectral matching

48
Q

A screen’s spectral emission refers to

A

the color of light a phosphor will produce

49
Q

Changing from a relative screen speed of 50 to one with a relative speed of 200 would result in an decrease in:

A

patient dose

50
Q

The construction of intensifying screens include which of the following components?

A

protective coating
polyester base
reflective layer

51
Q

true or false:

An increased temperature decreases screen speed?

A

false

52
Q

in an intensifying screen, what is the phosphor layer responsible for?

A

light emission

53
Q

What are the primary benefits of film-screen imaging systems over digital imaging systems?

A

greater spatial resolution
less expensive
less radiation needed to produce the same density

54
Q

Rare earth screens are generally more efficient than calcium tungstate screens, because of their:

A

higher speed
greater absorption capabilities
greater conversion efficiency

55
Q

modern film base is made of ____________

A

polyester

56
Q

In order for film to be useful over a long period of time and maintain its size, shape and image quality, it must possess which if the following characteristics?

A

radiolucency
dimensional stability
flexibility

57
Q

How do the silver halide elements form the crystal lattice?

A

ionic bonds between the silver and bromide atoms with imperfections on the surface

58
Q

define base plus fog (base + fog)

A

The low level density present on all radiographic film before exposure to x-rays or light photons

59
Q

what amount of density (DU) is known as the maximum density on a film?

A

2.0 DU

60
Q

the sensitivity of a film is based on its

A

speed point

61
Q

A film with a high optimal density number but a low radiation exposure represents what?

A

minimum density [white on film

62
Q

If you were responsible for purchasing a new film/ screen system that would further reduce patient dose while maintaining radiographic detail, which of the following system would you choose? why?

A

400 [middle] [because 200 is too much exposure, and 800 reduces resolution because it is inversely related to speed, 1000 same thing too high]

63
Q

what is the safelight filter color used with rare earth screen systems?

A

dark red

64
Q

at what TEMPERATURE degree should a film be ideally stored?

A

45 degrees

65
Q

If radiographic film is stored in a room maintained at less than 40% humidity, the following will occur?

A

the film will become dry and brittle
static marks will appear
electrons will discharge in the emulsion

66
Q

Scratches running the length of a processed film is most likely caused by:

A

misaligned guide shoes

67
Q

A sensitized artifact is one that could be caused by:

A

exposure of a necklace during a chest exam

68
Q

An unwanted density on a manifest image as a result of changes in humidity in the film storage area are termed an:

A

handling and storage

69
Q

Which type of silver recovery system uses copper and zinc electrode to extract unused silver atoms from the fixer solution?

A

galvanic

70
Q

Unexposed and unused silver crystals are removed from the film emulsion during which stage of chemical processing?

A

fixation

71
Q

The reducing agent responsible for the development of the lower shades of gray on a manifest image is:

A

phenidone

72
Q

The control of swelling and reduction of emulsion scratches is accomplished by:

A

hardening agents

73
Q

the chemical added as a preservative and to prevent rapid chemical oxidation is

A

sodium sulfite

74
Q

the high pH values required for proper development are maintained by the addition of an activator called

A

sodium carbonate

75
Q

after the photons interact with the silver halide crystals, the bonds are broken and the silver becomes black metallic silver and the bromide and iodide atoms do what?

A

they are free to migrate to the gelatin

RADT 150 Intro to Radiography (2 decks)

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