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Pharm 1 > Exam 3 - Eye and Ear Disorders > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Eye and Ear Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

most common version of Glaucoma

A

primary open-angle glaucoma

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2
Q

what is the primary pathophysiology of glaucoma

A

build-up of pressure in the eye (intraocular pressure)

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3
Q

what is the “increased intraocular pressure” called

A

ocular hypertension

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4
Q

how does glaucoma progress

A

gradual progression

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5
Q

what issues does ocular hypertension cause

A

damage to the optic nerve which can lead to blindness

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6
Q

machine used to palpate pressure in the eye

A

tonometer

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7
Q

what result from the tonomoter is considered too high

A

pressure greater than > 21 mmHg

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8
Q

the ciliary body is near the front of the eye…what kind of tissue is it & what does it produce

A

epithelial tissue that produces aqueous humor

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9
Q

flow pattern of the aqueous humor

A

past the lens and around the iris…exits the eye via draining system

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10
Q

what is the drainage system called of the eye

A

trabecular meshwork

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11
Q

because of glaucoma, the trabecular meshwork becomes…

A

clogged…causing a buildup of pressure

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12
Q

when do patients normally begin to see signs and symptoms from open-angle glaucoma

A

usually NO symptoms until late in the disease process

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13
Q

patients lose which vision first…followed by…

A

first lose peripheral vision followed by central vision

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14
Q

2 strategies which work well against glaucoma…

A
  1. decrease production of aqueous humor (less fluid to decrease the pressure)
  2. increase the outflow through the trabecular meshwork (increase drainage)
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15
Q

3 types of topical eye drops…

A
  1. beta-adrenergic blockers
  2. prostaglandin analogs
  3. Alpha2 adrenergic agonists
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16
Q

function of beta-adrenergic blockers

A

decrease the production of aqueous humor

beta’s decrease

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17
Q

function of prostaglandin analogs

A

increase the outflow through the trabecular meshwork

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18
Q

function of Alpha2 adrenergic agonists

A

do BOTH tasks

  • decrease production of aqueous humor
  • increase the outflow through the trabecular meshwork
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19
Q

3 glaucoma medications to know

A
  1. Timolol
  2. Latanoprost
  3. Brimonidine
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20
Q

what class is Timolol

A

beta-andrenergic blocker

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21
Q

what class is Latanoprost

A

prostaglandin analog

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22
Q

what class is Brimonidine

A

Alpha2 adregernic agonist

23
Q

which drug are most patients usually started on

A

Latanoprost

24
Q

Timolol mechanism of action

A

a beta-adrenergic blocker, so it will decrease the production of aqueous humor

25
Q

Latanoprost mechanism of action

A

a prostaglandin analog, so it will increase the outflow of aqueous humor

26
Q

Brominidine mechanism of action

A

an alpha2 adrenergic agonist,

(alpha = arrows) so it does both (decreases the production of aqueous humor and increases its outflow

27
Q

ALL eye drops can cause what EXPECTED symptoms

A

minor stinging pain and redness

28
Q

Latanoprost has 2 unusual, adverse effects…

A
  1. cause a person’s iris to darken…especially noticeable with
    light colored eyes (blue)
  2. cause eyelashes to grow longer and thicker…there is a cosmetic version created for this called bimatoprost
29
Q

what does Timolol affect

A

heart and lungs

30
Q

what type of patients should avoid Timolol…

A

bradycardia, heart rhythm issues, COPD, asthma

31
Q

why should patients with heart and lung issues avoid Timolol…

A

medication can be absorbed systemically and affect these organs

32
Q

Brimonidine is similar to what ADHD drug

A

Clonidine

33
Q

like Clonidine…what 2 adverse effects can Brimonidine cause

A

low blood pressure (hypotension) and drowsiness

34
Q

when administering eye drops always keep the tip…

A

sterile

35
Q

location of drop insertion

A

“pocket” in the lower eyelid (conjunctival sac)…then gently press the corner of the eye

36
Q

if 2 eye drops are needed, how long should one wait to administer the 2nd…

A

5 minutes

37
Q

remove contacts before administration and wait … how long before reinserting them…

A

10-15 minutes

38
Q

“Drainage system blocked” is a good way to summarize….

A

Glaucoma

39
Q

Initial progression of glaucoma which results in decreased peripheral vision…

A

Outer rim atrophy

40
Q

Closed angle glaucoma (from video…)

A
  • Aqueous humor outflow is clogged due to the lens pushing against the iris
  • result is drainage blockage
  • this causes a RAPID buildup of pressure causing severe eye pain, eye redness, blurry vision
41
Q

Normal tension glaucoma (from video…)

A
  • normal pressure in eye

- cause unknown

42
Q

Diagnosis of glaucoma:

Assessment of intraocular pressure

A

Tonometry

43
Q

Diagnosis of glaucoma:

2 types of testing

A
  1. Visual field testing

2. Look for optic nerve damage through: imaging or direct observation

44
Q

Diagnosis of glaucoma:

Direct observation of optic nerve…what are we looking for

A

Cupping of outer rim of nerve

45
Q

2 types of laser treatment:

A
  1. Trabeculoplasty (open angle glaucoma)

2. Iridotomy (closes angle glaucoma)

46
Q

Risk factors of Otitis Media…

A

family history, siblings, tobacco smoke, day care, bottle propping, economic status

47
Q

Acute Otitis Media defined…

A

moderate to severe bulging of the tympanic membrane

48
Q

Recurrent Acute Otitis Media…

A

3 episodes of acute otitis media in 6 months or 4+ episodes in 12 months

49
Q

Otitis Media with Effusion defined…

A

inflammation of the middle ear with liquid collected in the middle ear

50
Q

Components of middle ear…

A

3 ossicles, tympanic cavity, eustachian tube

51
Q

pathogenesis of Acute Otitis Media…

A
  1. viral upper resp./some other type of infection
  2. inflammation and edema of the mucosa of the nose, nasopharynx, and eustachian tube
  3. edema leads to obstruction of the eustachian tube which prevents the drainage of middle ear fluid
52
Q

why are children more susceptible to AOM…

A

child’s eustachian tube is shorter…microbes can get to the middle ear easier

53
Q

infants signs of AOM…

A

pulling ear

Pharm 1 (4 decks)

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