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Physiology II > Exam #3: Endocrine Disorders > Flashcards

Exam #3: Endocrine Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

With Iodide Transport Defects (ITD)…

  • What is the status of iodide?
  • What is the status of T4/T3?
  • What is the status of TRH?
  • What is the status of TSH?
A
  • Low iodide
  • Low T4/T3

Lack of negative feedback…

  • High TRH
  • High TSH
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2
Q

With Grave’s Disease…

  • What is the status of T4/T3?
  • What is the status of TRH?
  • What is the status of TSH?
A
  • High T4/T3

Increased negative feedback…

  • Low TRH
  • Low TSH
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3
Q

Low uptake of iodide causes what condition?

A

Hypothyroidism

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4
Q

High uptake of iodide causes what condition?

A

Hyperthyroidism

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5
Q

What condition involves deficiency of iodide due to low dietary intake? Is this hypo- or hyperthyroidism?

A

Iodide Transport Defects (ITD)

- Hypothyroidism

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6
Q

What condition involves autoantibodies bind to TSH receptor and stimulate thyroid gland (act like TSH)? Is this hypo- or hyperthyroidism?

A

Grave’s Disease

- Hyperthyroidism

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7
Q

What is another name for Conn’s Syndrome? What is the cause?

A

Primary Hyperaldosteronism

- Aldosterone-secreting tumor

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8
Q

What is another name for Primary Hyperaldosteronism? What is the cause?

A

Conn’s Syndrome

- Aldosterone-secreting tumor

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9
Q

What four findings are seen with Conn’s Syndrome/Primary Hyperaldosteronism?

A
  • HTN
  • Hypokalemia
  • Alkalosis
  • Hypernatremia
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10
Q

What three steroids are LOW with 17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency?

A
  • Cortisol
  • Androgens
  • Aldosterone
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11
Q

Why is aldosterone low with 17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency?

A

HTN → NO renin secretion

- RAAS not activated = low aldosterone

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12
Q

What is another name for Addison’s Disease? What is the cause?

A

Primary Adrenocortical Insufficiency

- Autoimmune destruction of adrenal gland

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13
Q

What is another name for Primary Adrenocortical Insufficiency? What is the cause?

A

Addison’s Disease

- Autoimmune destruction of adrenal gland

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14
Q

What is HIGH with Addison’s Disease/Primary Adrenocortical Insufficiency? What three findings are LOW?

A

HIGH: ACTH

- LOW: aldosterone, cortisol, androgens

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15
Q

How does low aldosterone affect BP? How does high aldosterone affect BP?

A
  • Low aldosterone: hypotension

- High aldosterone: hypertension

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16
Q

How does low aldosterone affect K+? How does high aldosterone affect K+?

A
  • Low aldosterone: hyperkalemia

- High aldosterone: hypokalemia

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17
Q

What condition involves hyperpigmentation of skin on elbows, knees, nipples, scars? What causes this, and which gene more specifically?

A

Addison’s Disease/Primary Adrenocortical Insufficiency

- Due to high ACTH, as alpha-MSH gene = melanocyte-stimulating

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18
Q

Differentiate secondary and tertiary Adrenocortical Insufficiency. What three findings are LOW? Which is normal?

A
  • Secondary: difficulty secreting ACTH
  • Tertiary: low CRH so low ACTH

LOW ACTH, cortisol and androgens
- Normal aldosterone

19
Q

With Cushing’s, how can you differentiate syndrome from disease? What findings is HIGH for both?

A
  • SYNDROME: low ACTH
  • DISEASE: high ACTH

BOTH have high cortisol

20
Q

What four symptoms are seen with Cushing’s Syndrome/Disease?

A
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Abnormal fat distribution (buffalo hump, moon face)
  • HTN
  • Muscle atrophy
21
Q

What two steroids are LOW with 21beta-hydroxylase Deficiency?

A
  • LOW aldosterone

- LOW cortisol

22
Q

Why is ACTH high with 21beta-hydroxylase Deficiency?

A

No cortisol feedback = HIGH ACTH

23
Q

What condition involves masculine features in child and adult females; newborn females can have male-type external genitalia?

A

21beta-hydroxylase Deficiency

24
Q

What causes Cleidocranial Dysplasia?

A

Mutation in Runx2 gene

- Critical in bone development and osteoblast differentiation

25
Q

What condition does a mutation in Runx2 gene cause?

A

Cleidocranial Dysplasia

26
Q

What condition involves PTH-secreting tumor?

A

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

27
Q

What three findings are seen with Primary Hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • High PTH
  • Hypercalcemia
  • Hypophosphatemia
28
Q

Which two conditions present with HIGH calcium, phosphate, cAMP in urine?

A
  • Primary Hyperparathyroidism

- Humoral Hypercalcemia (PTH-rp)

29
Q

What condition presents with +Trousseau’s sign?

A

Hypoparathyroidism

30
Q

What three findings are seen with Hypoparathyroidism?

A
  • LOW PTH
  • Hypocalcemia
  • Hyperphosphatemia
31
Q

What condition involves cancer cells release PTH-rp (PTH-related peptide) → binds PTH receptors?

A

Humoral Hypercalcemia (PTH-rp)

32
Q

What three findings are seen with Humoral Hypercalcemia (PTH-rp)?

A
  • LOW PTH
  • Hypercalcemia
  • Hypophosphatemia
33
Q

How can you differentiate Hypoparathyroidism from Humoral Hypercalcemia (PTH-rp) (2)? What do they both have in common?

A

BOTH: low PTH

  • Hypoparathyroidism: hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia
  • Humoral Hypercalcemia (PTH-rp): hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia
34
Q

What condition involves mutated PTH receptor ONLY in bones and kidney?

A

Pseudohypoparathyroidism (Albright’s)

35
Q

What three findings are seen with Pseudohypoparathyroidism (Albright’s)?

A
  • HIGH PTH
  • Hypocalcemia
  • Hyperphosphatemia
36
Q

With Rickets, what four findings are seen?

A
  • LOW Vitamin D
  • LOW calcium
  • LOW phosphate
  • HIGH PTH
37
Q

What four chronic effects are seen with DM?

A
  • Retinopathy
  • Neuropathy
  • Nephropathy
  • CVD
38
Q

What are two causes of excess insulin in DM (hypoglycemia)?

A
  • Insulin overdose

- Reactive hypoglycemia

39
Q

What two findings cause further hyperglycemia in DM patients?

A
  • Increased blood AAs

- Gluconeogenesis

40
Q

What condition involves excess GH in puberty?

A

Gigantism

- Affects long bone growth

41
Q

What condition involves excess GH in adulthood?

A

Acromegaly

- Growth NOT involving long bones (large hands/feet, larger viscera, etc.)

42
Q

What finding on OGTT is diagnostic for Acromegaly?

A

> 1 ng/mL

43
Q

What are the five possible causes of dwarfism in puberty?

A
  • Lack of GHRH
  • Pituitary insufficiency
  • GH receptor deficit (Laron Dwarfism)
  • IGF-1 deficit
  • Failure to produce IGF-BP3
44
Q

What is the cause of Laron Dwarfism?

A

GH receptor deficit

Physiology II (5 decks)

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