Exam 3 Drug "OIAs" Flashcards
Acetaminophen
drug class: analgesic, antipyretic
MOA: inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in CNS (COX-3)
Use: pain relief, fever reduction
ADRs: hepatotoxicity, especially in overdose or w/ alcohol
Albuterol
Class: SABA (short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist
MOA: activates B2 receptors in bronchiole smooth muscle to bronchodilate
Use: relief of acute bronchospasms, EIB
ADRs: tremors, tachycardia, palpitations, nervousness, hypokalemia, throat irritation, headache, nausea
Amitriptyline
class: tricyclic antidepressant
MOA: inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake
Use: neuropathic pain management (chronic conditions)
ADRs: sedation, dry mouth, orthostatic hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias
Aspirin
class: NSAID, antiplatelet
MOA: irreversibly inhibits COX1 & 2 via acetylation
Use: pain relief, anti-inflammatory effects
ADRs: increased risk of bleeding, GI bleeding, tinnitus, Reye’s syndrome
Buprenorphine
class: partial opioid agonist
MOA: partial agonist at mu-opioid and antagonist at kappa-opioid receptors
Use: mod-severe pain management, can be used in opioid-dependence tx
ADRs: sedation, respiratory depression (less severe)
Bupivacaine
class: local anesthetic
MOA: Inhibit nerve impulses by blocking Na+ movement across the cell membrane
ADRs: restlessness, tremor, convulsions, arrhythmias, LAST (local anesthetic systemic toxicity)
Cannabinoid
class: cannabinoid receptor agonist
MOA: activates CB1 and CB2 receptors
Use: pain management, spasticity, CINV
ADRs: euphoria, paranoia, dry mouth, tachycardia
Capsaicin
class: topical analgesic
MOA: depletes substance P from sensory nerve endings
Use: localized neuropathic pain/arthritis
ADRs: burning sensation at application site
Cefazolin
class: first gen cephalosporin
MOA: inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis
Use: prophylaxis and tx of bacterial infections
ADRs: allergic reactions, GI upset
Celecoxib
class: Cox-2 selective NSAID
MOA: inhibits cox-2 to reduce inflammation with less GI toxicity
Use: pain/inflammation in OA and RA
ADRs: cardiovascular risks, GI upset
Cetirizine
class: second gen antihistamine
MOA: selectively blocks peripheral H1 receptors
Use: relief of allergy symptoms
ADRs: drowsiness (less than first gen), dry mouth
Chlorpheniramine
class: first gen antihistamine
MOA: blocks H1 histamine receptors
Use: relief of allergy symptoms
ADRs: sedation, dizziness
Codeine
class: weak opioid agonist, antitussive
MOA: converted to morphine via CPY2D6
Use: pain relief for mild-mod pain, also cough suppressant
ADRs: sedation, respiratory depression, constipation
Cromolyn
class: mast cell stabilizer
MOA: inhibits mast cell degranulation
Use: prevention of asthma and allergic reactions. EIB.
ADRs: throat irritation, cough
Dextromethorphan
class: antitussive
MOA: supresses cough by acting on the medulla
Use: cough suppressant for dry, non-productive cough
ADRs: drowsiness, potential for abuse at high doses
Diclofenac
class: NSAID
MOA: non-selective COX inhibitor
Use: pain/inflammation for OA, RA, or other musculoskel conditions
ADRs: GI irritation, photosensitivity
Diphenhydramine
class: first gen antihistamine
MOA: blocks H1 receptors
Use: relief of allergy symptoms, motion sickness, insomnia, cough suppressant
ADRs: sedation, dry mouth
Docusate
class: stool softener
MOA: reduces stool surface tension
Use: prevent and treat constipation by increasing water absorption in stool
ADRs: diarrhea, mild cramping
Doxylamine
class: first gen antihistamine
MOA: blocks H1 histamine receptors
Use: short-term tx for insomnia. also helps w/ cold/allergy when used in combo products
ADRs: sedation, dry mouth
Duloxetine
class: SNRI
MOA: inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake
Use: neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, depression. *chronic pain syndromes
ADRs: nausea, dry mouth, hypertension
Enflurane
class: inhaled general anesthetic (maintenance anesthetic)
MOA: enhances GABA receptor activity, causing CNS depression
ADRs: respiratory depression, malignant hyperthermia, can cause increased ICP
Etomidate
class: intravenous general anesthetic
MOA: enhances GABA receptor activity
Use: induction of general anesthesia
ADRs: pain on injections, myoclonic movements, N/V, seizures
Pt Risks: at high risk of hypotension or with myocardial ischemia
Famotidine
class: H2 receptor antagonist
MOA: reduces gastric acid secretion by blocking H2 receptors
Use: treatment of GERD, peptic ulcers, acid reflux
ADRs: headache, dizziness
Fentanyl
class: strong opioid agonist
MOA: binds to mu-opioid receptors
Use: severe acute/chronic pain management, used in surgery or cancer
ADRs: respiratory depression, constipation, N/V, pruritus
Filgrastim
class: colony-stimulating factor
MOA: Stimulates neutrophil production in bone marrow
Use: prevention and tx of chemo-induced neutropenia
ADRs: bone pain, fever
Fexofenadine
class: second gen antihistamine
MOA: blocks H1 histamine receptors
Use: relief of seasonal allergies
ADRs: headache, dry mouth
Fluticasone
class: inhaled corticosteroid
MOA: reduces airway inflammation
Use: management of asthma and allergies
ADRs: oral candidiasis, throat irritation
Formoterol
class: long acting beta-2 agonis (LABA)
MOA: stimulates beta-2 adrenergic receptors for prolonged bronchodilation
Use: long-term management of asthma/COPD
ADRs: tremor, headache
Gabapentin
class: anticonvulsant
use: SCI/MS, Neuropathic pain
MOA: potentiates the effect of GABA receptors
ADRs: sedation, fatigue, dizziness, ataxia
Guaifenesin
class: expectorant
MOA: increases hydration of respiratory tract secretions
Use: cough relief by thinning mucus
ADRs: dizziness, nausea
Hydroxyzine
class: first gen antihistamine
MOA: blocks H1 receptors, also has anxiolytic properties
Use: management of anxiety, N/V, allergies. Also can be used as sedative/adjunct for anesthesia
ADRs: drowsiness, dry mouth
Hydrocodone
class: weak opioid agonist
MOA: activates mu-opioids recetors - metabolized to hydromorphone via CYP2D6
Use: management of mod-severe pain
ADRs: constipation, nausea
Hydromorphone
class: strong opioid agonist
MOA: mu-opioid receptor agonist
Use: severe acute/chronic pain, Cancer or post-op
ADRs: sedation, respiratory depression
Ibuprofen
class: NSAID
MOA: non-selective COX inhibitor
Use: pain relief, fever reduction, anti-inflammatory
ADRs: bleeding risk, GI irritation, nephrotoxicity
Indacaterol
class: ultra long acting beta 2 agonist (LABA)
MOA: Prolonged beta-2 receptor stimulation for bronchodilation
Use: long-term maintenance of COPD
ADRs: headache, tachycardia
Ipratropium
class: short acting anticholinergic (SAMA)
MOA: blocks muscarinic receptors in airways to reduce bronchoconstriction
Use: maintenance of COPD / asthma
ADRs: dry mouth, cough
Ketamine
class: dissociative general anesthetic
MOA: NMDA receptor antagonist
Use: anesthesia for high-risk pts with bronchospasms or hypotension. also for chronic pain/depression
ADRs: increased ICP/IOP, hypertension, tachycardia, vomiting, salivation, delirium INCREASES ICP
Lactulose
class: osmotic laxative
MOA: draws water into the colon and lowers blood ammonia levels
Use: tx of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy
ADRs: flatulence, diarrhea
Levalbuterol
class: short acting beta-2 agonist (SABA)
MOA: stimulates beta 2 adrenergic receptors for bronchodilation
Use: relief of acute bronchospasms
ADRs: tremor, tachycardia
Lidocaine
class: local anesthetic, antiarrhythmic
MOA: blocks sodium channel
Use: local anesthetic, pain relief
ADRs: local irritation, systemic CNS toxicity at high doses
Loratadine
class: second gen antihistamine
MOA: selectively blocks peripheral H1 receptors
Use: relief of seasonal allergies
ADRs: headache, fatigue
Methadone
class: strong opioid agonist
MOA: Agonist at all opioid receptors, NMDA antagonist, inhibits serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake
Use: mgmt of chronic pain/opioid dependence
ADRs: QT prolongation, respiratory depression
Methylnaltrexone
class: Opioid Antagonist (Peripheral)
MOA: Blocks peripheral opioid receptors to reduce opioid-induced constipation without affecting analgesia
Use: tx of opioid-induced constipation
ADRs: abdominal pain, diarrhea
Midazolam
class: benzodiazepine (IV general anesthetic)
MOA: potentiate GABA effect at receptors
Use: sedation, anxiolysis, amnesia prior to procedures. induction of anesthesia
ADRs: hypotension, drowsiness, respiratory depression (limited)
Montelukast
class: leukotriene receptor antagonist
MOA: blocks leukotriene receptors, reducing inflammation
Use: long-term management of asthma / prevention of EIB
ADRs: neuropsychiatric events, abdominal pain
Morphine
class: strong opioid agonist
MOA: Activates mu-opioid receptors
Use: mgmt of severe acute/chronic pain (esp in cancer/palliative care)
ADRs: constipation, respiratory depression, N/V, pruritus
Nabumetone
class: NSAID
MOA: Converted to an active COX-2 selective inhibitor
Use: pain/inflammation relief in OA and RA
ADRs: GI upset, renal dysfunction, photosensitivity
Naloxone
class: opioid antagonist
MOA: Competitively binds opioid receptors to reverse opioid effects
Use: emergency tx of opioid overdose - reverses
ADRs: Withdrawal symptoms in opioid-dependent patients
Naproxen
class: NSAID
MOA: Non-selective COX inhibitor
**lowest cardiotoxicity risk of all non-aspirin NSAIDs
Use: pain/inflammation relief
ADRs: bleeding risk, GI irritation, nephrotoxicity
Ondansetron (Zofran)
Indication: Nausea and vomiting prevention (postoperative, chemotherapy).
MOA: Selective antagonist of serotonin 5-HT3 receptors in the CNS’ chemoreceptor trigger zone + gastrointestinal tract, inhibiting the initiation of the vomiting reflex.
Side effects: Headache, constipation, QT prolongation.
Drug interactions: Increased QT prolongation risk with other medications affecting heart rhythm
Oxycodone
class: strong opioid agonist
MOA: Activates mu-opioid receptors
Use: mgmt of mod-severe acute/chronic pain
ADRs: constipation, respiratory depresssion
Phenylephrine
class: alpha-1 adrenergic agonist
MOA: causes vasoconstriction in nasal mucosa
Use: relief of nasal congestion, also for hypotension during surgery
ADRs: hypertension, rebound congestion
causes increase in HR and contractility - avoid in high BP
Pregabalin
class: anticonvulsant
MOA: Binds to calcium channels, reducing excitatory neurotransmitter release
Use: neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, partial seizures
ADRs: drowsiness, peripheral edema
Prednisone
class: corticosteroid
MOA: Inhibits cytokine and prostaglandin production
Use: anti-infammatory and immunosuppressant for asthma, RA, lupus, etc
ADRs: weight gain, hyperglycemia
Propofol
class: intravenous general anesthetic
MOA: potentiates GABA receptor activity
Use: induction/maintenance of general anesthesia sedation
ADRs: injection site pain, hyperlipidemia, hypotension, respiratory depression, propofol infusion syndrome
Pseudoephedrine
class: alpha and beta adrenergic agonist
MOA: Vasoconstricts nasal mucosa and bronchodilates
Use: relief of nasal and sinus congestion
ADRs: tachycardia, insomnia
causes increase in HR and contractility - avoid in high BP
Rituximab
class: monoclonal antibody
MOA: targets CD20 on B cells, causing cell death
Use: tx of B-Cell malignancies like lymphoma
ADRs: infusion reactions, immunosuppression
Rocuronium
class: non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker (Adjuvants)
MOA: Blocks acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction
Use: induction of neuromuscular blockade during surgery
ADRs: prolonged paralysis, respiratory depression
Salmeterol
class: long acting beta-2 agonis (LABA)
MOA: stimulates beta-2 adrenergic receptors for prolonged bronchodilation
Use: long-term control of asthma/COPD
ADRs: tachycadia, risk of asthma related death when used alone
Senna S
Indication: Constipation relief
MOA: stimulant laxative
Side effects: Abdominal cramping, diarrhea, electrolyte imbalance.
Drug interactions: May increase potassium loss with diuretics.
Succinycholine
class: (adjuvants) DEPOLARIZING neuromuscular blocker
MOA: Mimics acetylcholine to cause sustained depolarization and paralysis
Use: induction of neuromuscular blockade during surgery. muscle relaxation.
ADRs: hyperkalemia, malignant hyperthermia
Tapentadol
class: opioid analgesic
MOA: Mu-opioid receptor agonist
Use: mgmt of mod-severe acute pain and neuropathic pain
ADRs: nausea, dizzines
THC
class: cannabinoid
MOA: Partial agonist at CB1 and CB2 receptors
Use: mgmt of CINV and appetite stimulation. Pain mgmt.
ADRs: euphoria, tachycardia
Theophylline
class: methylxanthine bronchodilator xanthine derivative
MOA: Inhibits phosphodiesterase, increasing cAMP
Use: long-term mgmt of asthma/COPD
ADRs: tachycardia, nausea, seizures
Thiopental
class: barbiturate (general anesthetic) ((IV anesthetic)
MOA: enhances GABA activity via chloride channel binding, causing CNS depression
Use: induction of general anesthesia
ADRs: hangover effect, respiratory depression, bronchospasms, reflex tachycardia
Tiotropium
class: long acting anticholinergic (LAMA)
MOA: blocks muscarinic receptors, reducing bronchoconstriction
Use: maintenance of COPD and asthma
ADRs: dry mouth, urinary retention
Tisagenlecleucel
class: CAR-T Cell Therapy
MOA: modifies T cells to target CD19 on cancer cells
ADRs: cytokine release syndrome, neurotoxicity
Tramadol
class: weak opioid agonist
MOA: Mu-opioid receptor agonist and serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
Use: mgmt of mod-severe pain
ADRs: seizures, serotonin syndrome
Venlafaxine
class: SNRI
MOA: inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake
Use: neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, depression
ADRs: hypertension, withdrawal symptoms
Vincristine
class: Vinca Alkaloid (Antineoplastic)
MOA: inhibits microtubule formation during mitosis
Use: chemotherapy for hematologic malignancies
ADRs: peripheral neuropathy, constipation
