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Bio-104 > exam 3- dna > Flashcards

exam 3- dna Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where is DNA stored?

A

Cell nucleus

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2
Q

What are the parts of a nucleotide?

A

1, phosphate group
2. Five carbon sugar
3. Nitrogenous base

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3
Q

What’s the construction of a DNA molecule?

A

Phosphate attached to 5’ carbon of top sugar and 3’ carbon of lower sugar

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4
Q

What’s an example of a purine?

A

Adenine and guanine

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5
Q

What’s an example of a pyridine?

A

Cytosine, thymine, and uracil

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6
Q

How do nitrogenous bases bind to one another?

A
  • Adenine
  • cytosine pairs with guanine
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7
Q

What’s the difference between DNA and RNA molecules?

A

RNA contains the sugar ribose, while DNA contains sugar deoxyribose

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8
Q

Central dogma of information flow?

A

DNA → RNA → protein

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9
Q

What is a gene?

A

The basic physical and functional unit of heredity

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10
Q

Transcription

A

The process of making an RNA copy of a genes DNA sequence

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11
Q

Transcription initiation

A

The phase during which the RNA chain are synthesized

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12
Q

Transcription elongation

A

The stage when the RNA strand gets longer, thanks to the addition of new nucleotides

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13
Q

transcription termination

A

polymerase releases the DNA template and the nascent RNA

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14
Q

Where does transcription happen in the cell?

A

in the cytoplasm
-> in prokaryotes and in the nucleus of eukaryotes

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15
Q

What is the difference between the template strand and the non-template strand?

A

the template strand can duplicate itself during mRNA synthesis
the non-template strand is the same as the new RNA molecule.

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16
Q

What is complementary base pairing?

A

the sequence of one DNA strand
determines the sequence of the
other

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17
Q

mRNA cap

A

structure added to the 5′ end of mRNA

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18
Q

mRNA poly- A tail

A

structure added to the 3’ end
of mRNA

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19
Q

exons

A

the sequences that specify amino
acids

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20
Q

introns

A

sequences in genes that are not used
for producing a protein

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21
Q

Where does the mRNA go once it has been modified?

A

to the cytoplasm, where the ribosomes are located

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22
Q

What is translation?

A

the process by which a cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried in mRNA
Ribosomes bind to mRNA and facilitate the production of an amino acid chain
-> occurs in the cytoplasm

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23
Q

what is a codon and what does it code for?

A

three nucleotides that encodes one amino acid. (DNA, mRNA, polypeptide)
The genetic code shows which mRNA
codons correspond to which amino acids

24
Q

what is tRNA (transfer RNA)?

A

“connectors” that carry each amino acid to the correct spot along the mRNA molecule.
-> “translates” the genetic code

25
Q

what is rRNA (ribosomal RNA)?

A

molecule that stitches together amino acids and forms ribosomes

26
Q

why is the order of the nucleotides in the mRNA important to the protein
it codes for?

A

so the cell can make many molecules of protein all at once

27
Q

what’s the function of DNA?

A

it contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and produce proteins

28
Q

how is DNA replicated?

A

three steps:
1. the opening of the double helix and separation of the DNA strands
2. the priming of the template strand
3. the assembly of the new DNA segment.

29
Q

what is DNA polymerase?

A

a type of enzyme that is responsible for forming new copies of DNA, in the form of nucleic acid molecules

30
Q

what is Helicase?

A

an enzyme that unwinds and
unzips the template
strands at the
replication fork

31
Q

what is ligase?

A

an enzyme that forms a bond
between the fragments to
complete the strand

32
Q

What does it mean to be a diploid cell?

A

there are two copies of each chromosome

33
Q

How many total chromosomes and pairs are in humans?

A
  • 46
  • 23
34
Q

Why do cells divide?

A

in order to reproduce

35
Q

what is interphase?

A

the phase where cells are carrying out their normal everyday functions unrelated to cell division.

36
Q

G1 phase

A

the cell grows and
functions normally

37
Q

S phase

A

the cell replicates its DNA,
copying its entire
genome

38
Q

G2 phase

A

the cell produces specialized proteins that will be needed for mitosis

39
Q

prophase

A

Chromosomes condense
and spindle forms

40
Q

metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up at the equator

41
Q

anaphase

A

The two chromatids split and are pulled
apart by the spindle

42
Q

telophase

A

Chromosomes unwind and spindle
dissolves

43
Q

cytokinesis

A

The cytoplasm and the two nuclei are divided into the two forming daughter
cells, which then physically separate

44
Q

What is different during cytokinesis between plant and animal cells?

A

a cleavage furrow forms in animal cells and A cell plate forms in plant cells

45
Q

Prophase I

A

spindle forms, chromosomes condense and attach to it

46
Q

Metaphase I

A

chromosomes line up in
two rows

47
Q

Anaphase I

A

spindle separates the homologous
chromosomes

48
Q

Telophase I

A

chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell, new nuclei form

49
Q

Cytokinesis I

A

the cell splits into two new cells

50
Q

What is different during cytokinesis between plant and animal cells?

A

Plant cells form a cell plate between the two daughter cells. In animal cells, a cleavage furrow is formed between the two daughter cells

51
Q

What does it mean for a cell to be haploid?

A

a single set of chromosomes

52
Q

Are gametes haploid or diploid?

A

haploid

53
Q

How does meiosis increase genetic diversity?

A

In one mating, any of a
mother’s possible egg cells can
combine with any of her mate’s
possible sperm cells.This diversity coming from meiosis is the same reason you do not look or behave exactly like your siblings

54
Q

gene

A

The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child

55
Q

What is an allele?

A

different versions of genes

Bio-104 (3 decks)

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