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Bio-104 > evolution > Flashcards

evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Allele frequency equation

A

number of copies of an allele
______
Total #of alleles for the same gene in the population

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2
Q

Evolution

A

The change in allele frequencies and genetics in a population over time

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3
Q

Allele

A

A version of a gene that produces a specific trait (B vs. b)

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4
Q

Do individuals evolve?

A

No, since an individual’s alleles don’t change

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5
Q

Population

A

Group of organisms of the same species

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6
Q

Natural Selection

A

Features best suited to an environment are able to survive and reproduce better than others

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7
Q

Habitat

A

The type of natural environment that a species lives, made up of both physical and biological features

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8
Q

What are some abiotic factors?

A

Temperature, rainfall, humidity, heat

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9
Q

Fitness

A

reproductive success

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10
Q

Niche

A

The role the species takes in that habitat including the precise location and resources used

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11
Q

What does “variation among individuals in a population” mean?

A

Variation in a trait that impacts an individual’s ability to acquire resources and/or survive in an environment

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12
Q

What does “variation must be heritable” mean?

A

Variation is passed from parent to offspring

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13
Q

What does “over-production” in natural selection mean?

A

Each generation, more offspring are produced than can be supported by local resources

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14
Q

What does “differential survival and reproduction” mean?

A

Individuals possessing traits that increase their success will contribute more offspring to the next generation

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15
Q

What happens when two or more species occupy the same niche?

A

Competition, forcing the other species to adapt or risk extinction

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16
Q

Explain how natural selection determines who survives to reproduce and who does not

A

As environmental conditions change, the phenotypes that
natural selection favors will also change

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17
Q

Genetic variation

A

Within a species, no 2 individuals are exactly alike

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18
Q

Over production of off spring

A

More individuals are born than survive to reproduce

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19
Q

Unequal reproductive success

A

The inherited characteristics of some individuals make them more likely to obtain resources, survive, and reproduce

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20
Q

Descent with modification

A

a population’s characteristics can change by natural selection, even giving rise to new species

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21
Q

Modern evolutionary synthesis

A

Genetic variation is the raw material on which evolution acts

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22
Q

Adaptation

A

A genetically-based trait that increases an individuals ability to produce off spring in a particular environment

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23
Q

Mutations

A

Changes in a DNA nucleotide sequence

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24
Q

Variation

A

A trait that impacts an individuals ability to acquire resources and for survive in an environment

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25
Q

Directional Selection

A

The median variation for a trait moves toward one of
the extremes

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26
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

Selection against the extreme phenotypes of a
particular trait

27
Q

Disruptive Selection

A

Selection for the two extreme phenotypes of a
particular trait

28
Q

Sexual Selection

A

selection for an enhanced ability to attract mates

29
Q

Genetic drift

A

a change in allele frequencies due to chance alone
-> causes evolution to occur

30
Q

What does it mean to “fix” or “lose” an allele in a population?

A

In populations in which an allele has become either fixed or lost, the process of random genetic drift stops at that locus

31
Q

The Founder Effect

A

Phenomena that occurs when a small group of individuals becomes isolated from a larger population

32
Q

The Bottleneck Effect

A

An extreme example of genetic drift that happens when the size of a population is severely reduced
-> hurricanes

33
Q

Gene flow

A

the movement of alleles from one population to another

34
Q

Example of the Biological Species Concept

A

Western meadowlarks and Eastern meadowlarks

35
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

prevents individuals from producing viable and fertile offspring

36
Q

Prezygotic barriers and 2 examples

A

prevent members of different species from mating to produce a zygote
Example: Geographical Isolation and temporal Isolation

37
Q

Postzygotic barriers and 2 examples

A

blocks reproduction after fertilization and zygote formation
Example: Hybrid viability and hybrid sterility

38
Q

How does evolution lead to speciation?

A

Microevolution and Macroevolution

39
Q

Speciation

A

the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution

40
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

speciation driven by physical (geographical) isolation of populations

41
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

speciation occurring within the same geographic region

42
Q

habitat differentiation

A

mutations within a population cause individuals to exploit different conditions within the same environment

43
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Selection for the two extreme phenotypes of a particular trait

44
Q

Examples of how adaptations can change the physical body, behavior, biochemistry of an organism

A

webbed feet for ducks
migration
trout acclimating to warm and cold temperatures

45
Q

What’s the difference between acclimation and adaptation

A

Adaptation - a long-term permanent adjustment
Acclimatization - a short-term rapid temporary adjustment

46
Q

Ecological niche

A

the range of resources and conditions allowing the species to maintain a manageable population

47
Q

How do populations change over time?

A

Access to resources
Immigration
Emigration

48
Q

Carrying capacity

A

The maximum abundance of a species population that a habitat or ecosystem has the resources to support

49
Q

How does carrying capacity limit population growth?

A

limited supply of resources

50
Q

Example of a tradeoff

A

Developing colored feathers helps attract a mate, but colorful birds tend to be more easily spotted by predators

51
Q

Competitive Exclusion Principle

A

Two species that occupy the same ecological niche cannot stably coexist

52
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

competition between individuals of the same species

53
Q

interspecific competition

A

competition between individuals of different species

54
Q

Co-evolution

A

Evolutionary change in two closely interacting species

55
Q

Example of morphological defense

A

turtle going into its shell

56
Q

Cryptic coloration

A

makes prey difficult to spot

57
Q

Aposematic coloration

A

bright warning coloration, often exhibited by animals with effective chemical defenses

58
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

when a harmless species mimics the appearance of an unpalatable or harmful model

59
Q

How do plants respond to herbivory?

A

Resistance
Tolerance

60
Q

Mutualism

A

interspecific interaction in which both species benefit

61
Q

Commensalism

A

one species benefits and the other species is neither helped nor harmed
-> clownfish hiding in coral

62
Q

Amensalism

A

one species is harmed and the other species is neither helped nor harmed
-> pine needles killing grass

63
Q

Altruism

A

refers to an interaction in which one organism decreases their own fitness to increase the fitness of another

Bio-104 (3 decks)

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