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AP2: Exam 3 > Exam 3, Day 3 Lecture > Flashcards

Exam 3, Day 3 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Two types of Blood Brain Barrier

A
  1. Blood - CSF Barrier 2. Blood - ECF Barrier (BBB)
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2
Q

Ventricles of the brain

A

Right Lateral Ventricle Left lateral Ventricle 3rd ventricle 4th ventricle

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3
Q

The connection between the lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle

A

Interventricular foramen

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4
Q

From the 3rd ventricle, CSF is conveyed to the 4th ventricle via ____.

A

Cerebral aqueduct or Aqueduct of Sylvius

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5
Q

How apertures are there in the 4th ventricle

A

Total of 3 (2 lateral aperture and 1 median aperture)

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6
Q

This is the passageway of CSF from the 4th ventricle to the spinal cord.

A

Central canal

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7
Q

2 contacts of the CSF in the body

A
  1. Outside of the brain and Spinal cord 2. In the central canal and ventricles of the brain
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8
Q

It covers the cranium, a broad flat tendon and is associated with muscle fibers in the frontal and occipital region.

A

Galea Aponeurotic

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9
Q

Membrane that covers a bone.

A

Pericranium or periosteum

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10
Q

Layer below the skull

A

Periosteal layer of the Dura matter.

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11
Q

Layers of the brain aka meninges. (from outside to inside)

A
  1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Pia mater
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12
Q

2 layers of Dura Matter

A
  1. Periosteal layer 2. Meningeal layer
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13
Q

The space created due to deviation between the periostal layer and the meningeal layer. This is a channel for venous blood.

A

Superior sagittal sinus

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14
Q

Layer with whisp material. It has a spidery-web appearance.

A

Arachnoid mater

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15
Q

Protrusion of arachnoid mater through the meningeal layer of the dura, into the superior sagittal sinus.

A

Arachnoid granulations or villi

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16
Q

This is the site where CSF returns to the venous blood (site reabsorption of CSF)

A

Arachnoid granulations or villi

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17
Q

This is the inner most layer of the meninges, located on the surface of the brain parenchyma.

A

Pia mater

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18
Q

Depression on the surface of the brain

A

Sulcus

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19
Q

Deeper depression on the surface of the brain

A

fissure

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20
Q

Two layers of meningeal dura forms a partition called ___. It helps keep the brain in place within the cranial vault.

A

Falx cerebri (Dura)

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21
Q

The major blood vessels of the brain run in the _____.

A

subarachnoid space.

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22
Q

Rupture of major blood vessel in the brain will lead to ___.

A

subarachnoid hematoma

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23
Q

Potential space between the outer layer (periosteal layer) of the dura and the skull

A

epidural space.

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24
Q

Rupture of this vessel can cause epidural hematoma is the ____.

A

Middle meningeal artery (supplies the dura and skull)

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25
Q

This is the space between the meningeal layer of the dura and the arachnoid mater.

A

Subdural space

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26
Q

Total CSF fluid

A

150 ml (in any given time)

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27
Q

Specific gravity of brain

A

1.04

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28
Q

Specific gravity of CSF

A

1.007

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29
Q

Dry weight of brain

A

1400 grams

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30
Q

Weight of brain with CSF

A

25 grams

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31
Q

How many ml of CSF are produced each day?

A

500-600 ml

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32
Q

CSF is produced by (2)

A

choroid plexus and ependymal cells in the 4 ventricles

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33
Q

Normal CSF pressure.

A

10 mmHg or 13.6 cm H20 (in supine)

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34
Q

Reabsorption of CSF occurs through the arachnoid villi which are mostly along the _____.

A

superior sagittal sinus.

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35
Q

How many turnovers of CSF production - reabsorption in a day?

A

4

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36
Q

What drives the movement of CSF from the subarachnoid space back into the venous blood?

A

pressure (increased pressure in the subarachnoid space)

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37
Q

Additional circulation created by cilia that are on the cells that line on the ventricles. They help move the CSF.

A

ependymal cilia

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38
Q

This is a protein-poor serous plasma which is secreted by choroid plexus cells and ependymal cells.

A

CSF (resembles like serum)

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39
Q

2 Main functions of the CSF

A
  1. Shock absorber for brains and Spinal cord 2. Second circulatory fluid delivering oxygen and nutrients and removing metabolites.
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40
Q

Ventricles are the series of four interconnecting cavities of the brain, lined by _____ and with a specialized choroid plexus (capillary network) which produce the CSF.

A

ependymal cells

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41
Q

Capillary network within the brain.

A

choroid plexus.

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42
Q

What type of cell is ependymal cell?

A

motile, simple cuboidal epithelium-like cells with microvilli.

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43
Q

Type of Blood-brain barrier: Located at the choroid plexus of the 2 lateral, 3rd, and 4th ventricles.

A

Blood - CSF barrier (BCSFB)

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44
Q

Type of blood-brain barrier: Located in the CNS capillary bed of brain tissue

A

Blood - ECF (brain tissue) barrier. aka BBB

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45
Q

It is a tuft of capillaries covered by ependymal cells in each ventricle.

A

Choroid plexus

46
Q

True of False: Ependymal cells line the entire ventricle not just where the capillaries project from the surface.

A

True

47
Q

Layers of the choroid plexus

A
  1. Microvilli 2. Tight junctions 3. Ependymal cells 4. Connective Tissue 5. Basement membrane
48
Q

Total protein in CSF

A

30 mg/ 150 ml or 20 mg/dL

49
Q

Osmolality of Plasma and CSF

A

289 mosm/kg

50
Q

This is the barrier between the blood and the ECF or nervous tissue.

A

Blood - ECF barrier or BBB

51
Q

These glial cells are interposed between the capillary and the neuron. They have foot processes that surround the capillary.

A

Astrocytes

52
Q

Another name for neuron

A

Neurones

53
Q

The foot processes of astrocyte cover ____% of capillary surface.

A

97-99%

54
Q

The brain capillary endothelial cells are joined by tight junctions of _____ providing an effective barrier to many molecules.

A

high electrical resistance.

55
Q

True or False: Astrocytes also play a role in nutritional supply of oxygen and glucose to the neurons.

A

True.

56
Q

Pathways across the BBB

A
  1. Paracellular aqueous 2. Transcellular lipophilic 3. Transport Proteins 4. Receptor-mediated transcytosis 5. Adsorptive Transcytosis
57
Q

A type of glial cells that is part of the myelinated axon, forms part of the myelin sheath.

A

Oligodendrocytes

58
Q

The delivery of ____ and ___ from the blood to neurons is regulated by astrocytes.

A

oxygen and glucose.

59
Q

The Cerebral cortex is the outer ____ mm part of the brain, bathed with CSF.

A

3 - 4 mm.

60
Q

Areas of the brain exposed to blood (outside the BBB)

A
  1. Subcommissural organ 2. Subformical organ (SFO) 3. Organum Vasculosum of the lateral Terminalis (OVLT) 4. Area Postrema 5. Pineal Body 6. Posterior Pituitary
61
Q

This gland secretes melatonin.

A

Pineal Body

62
Q

What is secreted from the subcommissural organ? (2)

A

Somatostatin, SCO-spondin

63
Q

The areas outside the BBB are involved in ____ (2)

A

osmoregulation and blood chemistry

64
Q

This type of organs can store secretions until signal is received.

A

Neurohemal organs

65
Q

What is composed of the circumventricular areas? (2)

A

3rd and 4th ventricles

66
Q

Hypothalamus, the thirst center, responds to what type of feedback mechanisms?

A

positive feedback

67
Q

This is the vomiting center. It also detects toxins in the blood, and increases BP (ANS)

A

Area Postrema

68
Q

Where is Area Postrema located?

A

Dorsal medulla

69
Q

This receptor causes salt appetite

A

ANG II receptor

70
Q

During infection, ____ acts on OVLT to produce fever.

A

IL-1

71
Q

An acquired cause of hydrocephalus

A

tuberculous meningitis

72
Q

A progressive condition in which an abnormal accumulation of CSF in the cerebral ventricles causes enlargement of the skull and compression of the brain.

A

Hydrocephalus

73
Q

Management of patients with hydrocephalus

A
  1. Compensation by decreased cerebral blood volume 2. ventriculoperitoneal shunt
74
Q

One of the most common causes of hydrocephalus

A

Aqueductal stenosis

75
Q

This can also cause hydrocephalus.

A

Primary ciliary dyskinesia

76
Q

A protein secreted by Subcommissural organ which forms tubules that keep the aqueduct open.

A

SCO-spondin

77
Q

Incidence of hydrocephalus (age group)

A

infants and >60yo

78
Q

Normal pressure hydrocephalus accounts for ____% of all dementia cases.

A

5-6%

79
Q

Type of hydrocephalus where elevated CSF pressure causes enlargement of ventricles followed by return to normal CSF pressure.

A

Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH)

80
Q

10 symptoms associated with Adult-onset Hydrocephalus

A
  1. Seizures 2. Sudden Falls 3. Change in personality or behavior 4. Headaches 5. Leg weakness 6. Irritability 7. Nausea 8. Difficulty focusing the eyes 9. Drowsiness 10. Unsteady walk or gait
81
Q

Primary symptoms of NPH

A
  1. gait disturbance 2. Dementia/ forgetfulness 3. Bladder control problems
82
Q

Two groups of cells in the CNS

A

Neurons, Neuroglia

83
Q

Types of Neuroglia (4)

A

Astrocytes Microglia Ependymal cells Oligodendrocytes

84
Q

Basic Neuron types

A

Bipolar Unipolar Multipolar Pyrimidal cells

85
Q

This is considered as the resident “macrophage” of the CNS

A

Microglial cells

86
Q

Sensory pathway starts in a peripheral structure. (e.g. pain impulse goes up to the spinal cord.) What neuron receives this impulse and carries it to the spinal cord?

A

Axons of the first-order neurons

87
Q

Where does the first-order neuron synapse with second-order neuron? (This is where you find the cell body of the 2nd order neuron)

A

grey matter (any part of the spinal cord)

88
Q

Where can you find cell bodies?

A

grey matter

89
Q

Where can you find the processes (or tracts) of the cell bodies?

A

white matter/ fiber tracts

90
Q

Where does 2nd order neuron synapse with 3rd order neuron?

A

grey matter of the thalamus

91
Q

From the thalamus, where does the 3rd order neuron run to? This is the primary sensory cortex.

A

Postcentral gyrus

92
Q

This is the relay station to the primary sensory cortex. This is where you find the cell body of the third order neuron

A

Thalamus

93
Q

Other name for axons of the second-order neurons

A

Lateral spinothalamic tract

94
Q

The sensory tract relays all sensation to the post central gyrus except for the sense of ___.

A

smell (olfactory)

95
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract (motor pathway) start?

A

Precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex)

96
Q

Where does the upper motor neuron synapse with the lower motor neuron?

A

grey matter of the ventral root.

97
Q

The lower motor neuron leaves from the ____ going to the target skeletal muscle.

A

ventral root

98
Q

This is the largest part of the coticospinal tract.

A

Lateral corticospinal tract (in white matter)

99
Q

Where can you find the cell body of the first order neuron?

A

Dorsal root ganglia

100
Q

Where can you find the cell body of the upper motor neuron?

A

precentral gyrus

101
Q

Where can you find the cell body of the lower motor neuron?

A

Ventral root

102
Q

This separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe of the brain

A

Central sulcus

103
Q

Other name for Primary sensory cortex

A

Primary somesthetic cortex

104
Q

This is the sensory speech area (understanding the meaning of WRITTEN words).

A

Wernicke’s area

105
Q

This is the motor speech area (movement of skeletal muscles for vocalization)

A

Broca’s Area

106
Q

Auditory area in the temporal lobe. (understanding of spoken words)

A

Primary auditory cortex

107
Q

This is an elevation between sulci

A

gyrus

108
Q

Depression in the brain

A

Sulcus

109
Q

Outer layer of the brain, contains neuron cell bodies.

A

Cerebral cortex

110
Q

Inner layer of the brain. It has myelinated axons

A

Cerebral white matter.

AP2: Exam 3 (3 decks)

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