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AP2: Exam 3 > Exam 3, Day 2 Lecture > Flashcards

Exam 3, Day 2 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

These are large neuroendocrine cells with cell bodies in the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.

A

Magnocellular neurons

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1
Q

Two main peripheral tissues where large amount of T4 is converted to T3

A

Liver and kidneys

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1
Q

Symptoms of thyrotoxicosis (3)

A

Weight loss

Tachycardia

Nervousness

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1
Q

Connective tissue components deposited in SQ tissues (in myxedema) (3)

A

glycosaminoglycans

hyaluronic acid

mucopolysaccharides

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1
Q

Myxedema probably results from autoimmunity in which _______ binds to and stimulates _____.

A

Anti-TSH receptor Ig ……. fibroblasts

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2
Q

3 Components of Hypothalamohypophyseal-Thyroid Axis

A

Hypothalamus

Thyrotrope

Thyroid gland (follicular cells)

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3
Q

Inferior thyroid artery is a branch of ____

A

thyrocervical trunk

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3
Q

Which thyroglobulins are recycled?

A

MIT and DIT (dionization)

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3
Q

Most thyroid hormones are bound to which type of transport protein?

A

Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) = 70%

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3
Q

Incidence of congenital hypothyroidism

A

1 in 3,000 births.

Girls x2 than boys

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3
Q

This is considered as the GOITER BELT

A

Midwest

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4
Q

Thyroid hormones require ____.

A

iodine

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4
Q

Which ring is closer to the thyroglobulin molecule?

A

Inner ring

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4
Q

This is a specific form of cutaneous and dermal edema secondary to increased deposition of connective tissue components in SQ tissue as seen in various form so hypothyroidism and Grave’s disease.

A

Myxedema

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5
Q

Location of Thyroid receptors ?

A

Nucleus. They are not found in the cell surface.

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6
Q

Gland that produce PTH

A

parathyroid

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6
Q

Where does synthesis of thyroid hormones occur?

A

cytoplasm

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7
Q

Neurons that make oxytocin and ADH

A

Magnocellular neurons of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus

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7
Q

T3 has ___x greater biological activity then T4.

A

10x

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9
Q

What enzyme does cortisol inhibits?

A

5’/3’-deiodinase (converts t4-t3)

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10
Q

These cells form the wall of the follicle

A

follicular cells (cuboidal epithelial cells)

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11
Q

Tissue TSH receptor expression (top 3)

A
  1. Thyroid
  2. Fetal thyroid
  3. Cardiomyocytes
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12
Q

Connection between two thyroid lobes

A

Isthmus

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13
Q

Arteries that are lateral to the thyroid lobes.

A

Carotid arteries

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13
Q

Most thyroid hormone in blood is bound to ________ because thyroid hormones are HYDROPHOBIC. Only a very small fraction is free (unbound) and biologically active.

A

transport protein

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14
Q

Each Magnocellular neuron receives about how many synapses or neurosecretory terminals from afferent neurons?

A

10,000

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14
Q

Superior thyroid vein drains to the ____

A

internal jugular vein (largest vein in the neck)

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14
Q

9 Actions of Thyroid Hormones in Metabolism

A

Increased in:

BMR

Lipolysis

Oxygen consumption

Gluconeogenesis

Glycogenolysis

Glucose absorption

Mitochondria

Na-K Pump

Protein Synthesis

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16
Q

True or False:

In goiter, Thyroid hormone levels can be high or low.

A

True

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17
Q

Superior thyroid artery is a branch of ___

A

external carotid artery

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18
Q

Where does binding of thyroid hormones and precursors to Tg occur?

A

follicular lumen or Colloid

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20
Q

At the apical membrane, the Iodide is converted to diatomic Iodine by ______.

A

peroxidase

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21
Q

This is an autoimmune thyroid disorder causing decreased T4 and T3.

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

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22
Q

It inhibits the conversion of T4 to T3.

A

Cortisol

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23
Q

Iodine content of milk

A

88 - 168 microgram/ cup milk (1cup = 8 ounces)

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24
Q

Grave’s disease is an autoimmune disease causing overactive thyroid gland which results in serious metabolic imbalance known as ____ and ___.

A

hyperthyroidism: overactive of tissue within the thyroid gland
thyrotoxicosis: Increase thyroid hormone in the blood

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25
Q

In countries that use iodized salt, ______ is the most common cause of goiter.

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.

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26
Q

This thyroid level signifies more available, more biologically active T4 to be converted to T3.

A

Free T4

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27
Q

This is a transport molecule within the magnocellular neuron.

A

Neurophysin

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28
Q

ALL T4 are secreted by the ____.

A

Thyroid gland

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29
Q

In the synthesis of thyroid hormones, ioDIDE is taken up, converted to ______.

A

diatomic ioDINE (I2)

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29
Q

Enzyme responsible for deiodination?

A

deiodinase

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30
Q

2 Other names of T3

A

triiodothyronine Liothyronine

31
Q

Orange peel appearance on the anterior aspect of the lower legs, spreading to the dorsum of the feet, or as a non-localized, non-pitting edema of the skin in the same areas.

A

Pretibial myxedema

32
Q

2 reasons why T3 and T4 do not feedback on thyroid gland

A
  1. Because follicular cells do not have the ability to get T3 and T4 into the cell
  2. They lack nucler receptor for T3 and T4

Thyroid gland respond only to TSH and Iodides

33
Q

This cells are found between follicles, which produce calcitonin (calcium balance)

A

Parafollicular cells (C cells or clear cells or Calcitonin cells)

34
Q

Each thyroglobulin (Tg) contains ___tyrosines.

A

120

36
Q

5 Actions of Thyroid hormones in CV

A

Increased:

HR

CO, SV

Tissue Blood flow

Heart strength

Up-regulate catecholamine receptors

38
Q

What are the 5 tyrosine residues? They make up the colloid!

A

MIT

DIT

T3

RT3

T4

38
Q

Type of T4 that has a feedback mechanism to the anterior pituitary gland to secrete more or less of the TSH.

A

Free T4 in plasma

39
Q

Neurohypophyseal hormones are transported into the posterior pituitary for storage and release. What kind of transport mechanism is used?

A

axoplasmic transport (bound to neurophysins)

40
Q

This is a projection from the isthmus

A

pyramidal lobe

42
Q

Minimum Iodine requirement

A

75 micrograms/day

43
Q

What stimulates endocytosis of Tg and Na-I symporter?

A

TSH

45
Q

Official name for Na-I symporter?

A

SLC5A5

45
Q

The most common form of hyperthyroidism is ____.

A

Grave’s disease

47
Q

Worldwide, over 90% cases of goiter are caused by _____.

A

iodine deficiency

48
Q

Transporter found in the apical membrane of the follicular cells.

A

Pendrin (SLCA26A4)

49
Q

Nerve impulses cause ______ of the hormone bound to the neurophysin but they quickly disengage and are absorbed into the capillaries.

A

exocytosis

49
Q

What activates (ligand) the TSH receptor in Grave’s disease?

A

Thyroid stimulating Ig (TSI)

50
Q

This where precursors of thyroid hormones are stored (good for 2-3weeks use)

A

colloid (a glycoprotein)

51
Q

Condition where there is widespread shutdown in T3 binding across the body due to cortisol inhibiting the conversion of T4 to T3.

A

RT3 Dominance

52
Q

Enzyme that converts T4 to RT3

A

5/3-deiodinase

53
Q

2 Exogenous T3 drugs

A

Liothyronine

Cytomel

55
Q

Iodine content of iodated bread

A

2.2 - 54 microgram iodine per slice

56
Q

This is an autoimmune disorder that can cause hypothyroidism.

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

58
Q

Name 3 Exogenous T4 drugs

A

Levothyroxine

Synthroid

Levoxyl

60
Q

First symptom of Grave’s disease

A

Diffuse goiter

61
Q

Human proteins mostly start with the first amino acid ___.

A

Methionine

63
Q

What cells have the TSH receptor?

A

follicular cells (cuboidal epithelial cells)

64
Q

Thyroglobulins with 2 tyrosine rings (3)

A

T3, RT3, T4

66
Q

This hormone does not stimulate thyroid hormone receptors. However, it blocks the action of T3.

A

RT3

67
Q

Almost all proteins made in the body start synthesis with _____.

A

Signal peptide

68
Q

In endemic or colloidal goiter:

Pituitary gland secretes TSH to stimulate thyroid gland to produce Thyroid hormone, but the only result is that the folicles accumulate more and more ______.

A

unusable colloid (no iodination is happening)

69
Q

Type of cell found in the posterior pituitary gland.

A

Pituicytes (glial-like cells)

70
Q

Hypothalamohypohyseal-thyroid axis

T3 and T4 do have a NEGATIVE feedback on the ____ and ____, but not on the ____.

A

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary …

but not on the thyroid gland!!!!

71
Q

Thyroid eye disease which is frequently found especially in smokers.

A

Grave’s ophthalmopathy

72
Q

This is a measure hoe much T4 can get inside the cell

A

RT3 level

74
Q

Vascular supply and drainage of the thyroid gland

A

2 pairs of arteries, 3 pairs of veins

75
Q

What hormones are secreted from the follicular cells (after proteases acted on the colloed droplet)?

A

T3, T4, RT3 (no transporter needed)

77
Q

This is the process by which diatomic iodine combines with thyroglobulin.

A

Iodination and coupling

78
Q

2 effects of Thyroid Hormones on Oxygen-carrying capacity

A
  1. Increase in RBC mass
  2. Increase oxygen dissociation from Hgb
79
Q

Most of the T3 and RT3 production comes from

A

deiodination of T4 in peripheral tissues

80
Q

Hormones of the posterior pituitary gland is composed of how many amino acids?

A

9 (referred to as Neurohypohyseal NONApeptide hormones)

82
Q
A
83
Q

Total free thyroid hormones (%)

A

0.33%

fT4: 0.03%

fT3: 0.3%

84
Q

The thyroid gland contains numerous follicles, composed of ____ and ____.

A

cuboidal epithelial cells (follicular cells) and colloids

84
Q

Name 2 Iodine deficiency disorders

A

Goiter

Cretinism

86
Q

T4 is considered as ____, a precursor to T3.

A

prohormone

87
Q

Inferior thyroid vein drains to the ___

A

cephalic vein

88
Q

What two substances are needed for exocytosis?

A

Calcium and ATP

89
Q

What type of cells are stimulated by anti-TSH receptor Ig (TSI)? (2)

A

follicular cells

Fibroblasts

91
Q

Process of converting T4 to T3

A

Deiodination

93
Q

Type of goiter caused by decreased Iodine resulting in enlargement of thyroid gland.

A

Endemic or Colloidal goiter

94
Q

This is the relationship between Hypothalamus, thyrotrope, and thyroid gland.

A

Hypothalamohypophyseal- Thyroid Axis or

Hypothalamopituitary Thyroid Axis

95
Q

What cleaves off the colloid droplet thereby producing T3, T4, DIT, MIT?

A

proteases from lysosomes

96
Q

Hormones produced by thyroid gland (4)

A

T4, T3, RT3, Calcitonin

98
Q

What type of receptor is thyroid hormone receptor?

A

nuclear receptor

99
Q

What pump is located at the basolateral membrane of the follicular cell?

A

Iodide pump/trap or Na-I symporter (2nd active transport)

100
Q

These are anterior pituitary gland cell type that produces TSH

A

thyrotrope

101
Q

Low iodide levels (increase or decrease) iodine transport (Iodide pump) into follicular cells, and vice versa.

A

increase

102
Q

Major sources of Iodine (4)

A

Iodized salt Iodated bread Dairy products Shellfish and fish

103
Q

Pretibial myxedema occurs in ___ (3)

A

Non-thyrotoxic Grave’s disease

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Stasis dermatitis

104
Q

This hormone reduce blood calcium level, opposing the effects of Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

Calcitonin (calcium stored in the bones = increased deposition)

105
Q

T3 inner ring has how many Iodide?

A

2

106
Q

Where is TSH produced?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

107
Q

This is a medical condition caused by a congenital thyroid hormone deficiency, when untreated results in CRETINISM.

A

Congenital hypothyroidism

AP2: Exam 3 (3 decks)

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