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Clinical Pathology (Elise) > Exam 3 Clin Path > Flashcards

Exam 3 Clin Path Flashcards

1
Q

Thyroxine (T4) is _____% synthesized by the thyroid

A

100%

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2
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3) is ____% synthesized by the thyroid

A

30-40%

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3
Q

Which is more potent: T4 or T3?

A

T3

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4
Q

____% of thyroid hormones are circulating in the inactive/protein bound form

A

~99%

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5
Q

Which hormone:

  • Increases metabolic rate
  • Increases oxygen consumption, stimulates erythropoiesis
  • positive inotropic, chronotropic effects
  • Catabolizes muscle & adipose
  • Alters lipoprotein metabolism
A

Thyroid hormone

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6
Q

What test should you have on a canine thyroid panel?

A
  • Total Thyroxine (TT4)
  • Free Thyroxine (FT4)
  • Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
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7
Q

****** If a cats TT4 levels do not match their clinical signs, you should run what test?******

“HINT -HINT ;)”

A

_***FT4 ***_

it is exspensive but TT4 can be masked by euthyroid sick syndrome

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8
Q

What is the gold standard test for Total thyroxine (TT4)?

A

Radioimmunoassay (RIA)

Snap ELISA test kits- high sensitivity, reliable for normal [T4]

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9
Q

What is the most common way to measure TSH?

A

Immunoradiometric*

only use in dogs

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10
Q

What is the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism in dogs?

A

Autoimmune disease- Lymphocytic thyroiditis

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11
Q

Clinical signs of primary hypothyroidism become apparent when <____% of thyroid tissue is left

A

<25%

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12
Q

What disease in dog will produce:

  • Mild to moderate non-regenerative anemia
  • Fasting hypercholesterolemia
  • Fasting hypertriglyceridemia
A

Hypothyroidism

All due to decrease metabolic rate and decrease catabolism by the liver

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13
Q

What disease causes:

  • TT4 decrease
  • FT4 decrease
  • TSH increase
A

primary hypothyroidism

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14
Q

What disease causes a decrease in TT4, FT4 and TSH?

A

Secondary hypothyrioidism

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15
Q

T/F: In dogs, MOST thryoidcarcinomas do not echibit sign so abnormal thyroid function

A

True- will be normal as long as 25% of normal tissue remains

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16
Q

Sick animals have a (increased or decreased) levels of TT4?

A

decreased TT4= Euthyroid sick syndrome

TSH should be normal (99% of the time)

Due to adaptive response - energy is put toward the immune system

Drug induced: Phenobarbital, Sulfonamides, Furosemide

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17
Q

What drugs interfere with thyroid hormone levels?

A
  1. Phenobarbital
  2. Sulfonamides - block iodination
  3. Furosemide
  4. Glucocorticoids - changes metabolism and inhibits TSH formation
18
Q

In euthyroid sick syndrome:

  • TT4 decreased
  • FT4 normal to decreased
  • TSH __________________?
A

TSH is normal (99% of time time)

19
Q

Which breeds tend to have lower TT4 levels naturally?

A

Greyhounds, Sighthounds, and large breeds

20
Q

T/F: No single test definitively diagnoses hypothyroidism and you should always Interpret data with clinical presentation

A

True

21
Q

____% of feline hyperthyroidism is due to functional thyroid adenomas or hyperplasia

A

99%

22
Q

Which disease will cause:

  • Polycythemia (~50%) due to increase EPO
  • Heinz-Body formation (NON-hemolytic anemia)
  • stress leukogram (~20%)
  • Elevated ALT (~90%)
  • Altered bone metabolism (~20%)- change ALP
  • Masked Azotemia (30%)
  • increase TT4
A

Hyperthyroidism

23
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Manual counting/hemocytometer?

A
  • Advantages: Inexpensive, Simple & small instrument, No calibration or QC required
  • Disadvantages: Time, Training, Imprecise
24
Q

What are the disadvantaged of Buffy Coat Analysis?

A

Values are estimated
Calibration Rod performed each morning

No quality assurance methods available between QC or calibrations

25
Q

What are advantages and disadvantages in in-office flow cytometry?

A

Advantages: reduced interference with platelet clumps and nRBC, evaluate number, size and complexity of cells, automated reticulocyte counts possible. Dot plots available for each patient.

Disadvantage: Cost, Sample size, speed, requires extra computer, No QC materials, dot plots not printed

26
Q

Which analyzer gives you histograms of each cell count and distribution?

(Manual, Buffy coat, Flow cytometry or Impedance)

A

impedance

27
Q

What are Advantages and disadvantages of Impedance?

A

Advantages: low cost, on-board computer, sample size, speed, QC materials available, species validation, histograms printed for each CBC, alterantive fluid analysis

Disadvantages: looks at size only (affected by platelet clumps and nRBC), some have only 3 part analyzers

28
Q

What cells do 3 part and 5 part analyzers detect?

A

3 part: GRN, LYM, MON

5 part: LYM, MON, NEU, EOS, BAS

29
Q

T/F: Alcohol can cause sample hemolysis

A

True!

If used, allow to dry before inserting needle

30
Q

T/F: MCHC and HCT are measured

A

FALSE

They are calculated

31
Q

Hgb X ____ = HCT

A

Hgb X 3 = HCT

approx

32
Q

What can falsely increase Hgb?

A

Lipemia (take fasted samples)

Markedly icteric sample
Lots of Heinz bodies
Lyse resistant RBC

33
Q

What will these due to your MCV:(1) a tube sitting too long (2) too much EDTA

A

Tube sitting too long (RBC swelling) = INCREASE MCV
Too much EDTA to RBC in tube (RBC shrinkage) = DECREASE MCV

MCV is used to calculate HCT, thus these errors can cause a false HCT

34
Q

What causes afalse increase in MCHC?

MCHC= (Hgb/HCT) x 100

A

Anything that increases the Hgb or decreases the HCT

  • Hgb falsely increased by: lipemia (measured with spectrophotometer)
  • HCT falsely decreased by: hemolysis & not enough blood/EDTA

MCHC= (Hgb/HCT) x 100

HCT= (RBC x MCV) / 10

35
Q

What can blood smears tell you, that no machine can do yet?

A

Cell Morphology

Cell Inclusions

Left Shift

Toxicity

Presence of abnormal cells

Parasites

36
Q

What are the 4 chemistry analyzer techniques?

A
  1. Absorbance spectrotometry (wet)
  2. Reflectance spectrophotometry (dry)
  3. Fluorescence
  4. Electrochemical
37
Q

What it Beer’s Law?

A

Determines an unknown [] an analyte in solution

A series of samples with a known concentration of a specific substance is measured by how much light is absorbed

Maps the linear relationship, then uses the absorbance to determine the concentration

38
Q

Which is more affected by interfering substance (lipemia, icterus, hemolysis):

End-point Reactions or Rate Reactions

A

End-point

39
Q

What is the difference b/w the reference range and the dynamic range?

A
  • Referencerange- normal/average values for a specific species
  • Dynamic Range- what the analyzer can accuratly read
40
Q

Abnormally Low Ca and high K in a healthy appearing animal is an indicator of what artifact?

A

EDTA contamination

41
Q

Which can be removed from a sample in-vitro:

Lipemia or Hemolysis

A

Lipemia - via a exspensive ultracentrifuge

if not removed, these can interfere with color, turbidity, volume, reactions and RBC

42
Q

Increase K and liver enzymes in a healthy animal could be due to what artifact?

A

hemolysis

Clinical Pathology (Elise) (3 decks)

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