Exam 3: Chapter 9-11

Question 1

To treat depression, ______ increases engagement with pleasurable activities and thereby improves one’s mood

a) psychoanalysis
b) behavioral activation
c) psychoeducation
d) common factors

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A psychologist has finished a case formulation. Next, they will develop a _____ and provide the client with the rationale for the approach.

a) treatment plan
b) descriptive diagnosis
c) mechanism
d) problem list

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Case formulation is ________, meaning it is grounded in research-based psychological theories.

a) categorical
b) principle-driven
c) descriptive
d) precipitant-focused

Answer 3

B

Question 4

_______ brings together clinical and basic sciences to identify aspects of mental illness that span executive functioning, perception, and emotion.

a) DSM-5-TR
b) ICD
c) RDoC
d) NIMH

Answer 4

C

Question 5

________ is the view that those with psychiatric disorders are intrinsically different from everyone else.

a) case formulation
b) universalism
c) essentialism
d) cultural syndrome

Answer 5

C

Question 6

Conceptualizing cognitive experiences as one of degree, rather than kind, is consistent with a(n) ________ conceptualization of psychopathology.

a) categorical
b) dimensional
c) overinclusive
d) ambiguous

Answer 6

B

Question 7

The DSM-5-TR implies that thoughts, feelings, and behaviors can be signs and symptoms of mental illness regardless of ______ and _______.

a) sociocultural context; how they are interpreted by a clinician
b) ambiguous criteria; construct validity
c) interrater reliability; causes of the disorder
d) categories; dimensions

Answer 7

A

Question 8

In the DSM-5 Field Trials, which diagnosis had the highest interrater reliability?

a) PTSD
b) hoarding
c) borderline personality disorder
d) autism

Answer 8

D

Question 9

An example of the reliability issues with the DSM-5-TR is _________.

a) psychologist A and psychologist B see two different clients who meet the criteria for the same diagnosis
b) psychologist A and psychologist B see only patients with anxiety disorders, and their diagnoses match at a rate of 80%
c) psychologist A and psychologist B observe the same client but do not agree on the diagnosis
d) psychologist A and psychologist B were trained in the same graduate program and thus agree on most diagnoses

Answer 9

C

Question 10

The DSM-5-TR proposed an alternative model for diagnosis of ________.

a) depressive disorders
b) personality disorders
c) attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
d) posttraumatic stress disorder

Answer 10

B

Question 11

Which of these is not a diagnostic criterion for social anxiety disorder?

a) fear of acting in ways, or showing anxiety symptoms, that will be negatively evaluated, embarrassing, or lead to rejection
b) fear or anxiety is out of proportion to the actual threat posed by the situation and to the sociocultural context
c) the fear or avoidance behavior has persisted for 12 months or more
d) the fear or avoidance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning

Answer 11

C

Question 12

The DSM-5-TR groups disorders based on diagnostic criteria that refer to the presence of ______ and ______.

a) associated features; billing codes
b) signs; symptoms
c) prognostic factors; pharmaceutical treatments
d) co-occurring diagnoses; ICD codes

Answer 12

B

Question 13

Compared to the Research Domain Criteria (RDoc), the DSM-5-TR

a) has a dimensional approach to diagnosis and classification
b) categorizes individuals a either having a disorder or not
c) promotes research integrating genetics, neuroscience, and behavioral science
d) seeks to be an objective diagnostic system of “biotypes” that align with effective treatments

Answer 13

B

Question 14

Which of these is true?

1. The process of treatment planning involves designing an intervention based on the case formulation, informing the client of the process and rationale for treatment, and choosing strategies for assessing progress
2. The use of signs and symptoms to identify psychiatric disorders because there are no definitive causes or objective tests for these disorders is called case formulation.
3. Backlash against the DSM-5 by some researchers led to the development of the RDoC as an alternative way of conceptualizing mental illness.

Answer 14

1 and 3

Question 15

Which of these are true?

1. Because the terms “normal” and abnormal” elude clear definition, are disparaging, and overlook the diversity in human experience and culture that provides a context for psychological distress and dysfunction, clinical psychological distress and dysfunction, clinical psychologists have abandoned them, referring to behavior, cognition, and emotion, and people.
2. An empirically supported factor that maintains the problematic behavior, cognitions, and emotions of a client is known as a precipitant.
3. Case formulation is defined as a hypothesis about the particular psychological mechanisms, grounded in research-based theories, that give rise to and maintain an individual’s psychological distress and dysfunction.

Answer 15

1 and 3

Question 16

For a client with a phobia of heights, an example of a precipitant might be _______.

a) negative reinforcement of avoidance of tall buildings
b) racing heart rate when thinking about past experiences
c) having a job interview on the 40th floor of a building
d) history of adverse childhood experiences

Answer 16

C

Question 17

During _____, if medication is recommended, the psychologist provides a referral to a psychiatrist.

a) diagnosis
b) formulation
c) treatment planning
d) assessment

Answer 17

C

Question 18

Am empirically supported factor that maintains the problematic behavior, cognitions, and emotions of a client is known as a _______.

a) mechanism
b) predisposing factor
c) precipitant
d) symptom

Answer 18

A

Question 19

Which of these are reasons that the terms “normal” and “abnormal” have been abandoned as terms used by clinical psychologists?

a) these terms elude clear definition
b) the terms are disparaging
c) the terms overlook diversity in human experience
d) all the answers are correct

Answer 19

D

Question 20

A mental disorder is a syndrome that causes _____ in cognition or behavior and _____ in important activities, such as social or occupational activities.

a) disturbance; distress
b) elevations; improvements
c) deprivation; complications
d) instability; predisposing factors

Answer 20

A

Question 21

The first element of a case formulation involves the psychologist and client making a record of five to eight symptoms that are obtained during the clinical interview referred to as _______.

a) sociocultural variables
b) a problem list
c) associated features
d) predisposing factors

Answer 21

B

Question 22

________ is an intervention that is recommended for individuals with OCD, wherein they are asked to repeatedly confront feared situations and intrusive thoughts while resisting the urges to perform compulsive rituals

a) exposure therapy and response prevention
b) cognitive therapy
c) acceptance and commitment therapy
d) behavioral approach therapy

Answer 22

A

Question 23

Gathering a thorough background from clients regarding social and family history is helpful in generating hypotheses about the _______ that may have led to development of psychological symptoms.

a) associated features
b) problem list
c) predisposing factors
d) thoughts and emotions

Answer 23

C

Question 24

RDoC is a research framework for study of ______.

a) psychological distress and dysfunction
bv) psychosis methodologies
c) neuroscience theories
d) statistical analyses

Answer 24

A

Question 25

_______ is important because it leas psychologists to the treatment modality that would likely be most effective.

a) case formulation
b) assessment
c) monitoring
d) diagnosis

Answer 25

D

Question 26

___________ is defined as a hypothesis about particular psychological mechanisms, grounded in research-based theories, that give rise to and maintain an individual’s psychological distress and dysfunction.

a) case forumlation
b) treatment planning
c) psychiatric diagnosis
d) descriptive diagnosis

Answer 26

A

Question 27

Before the COVID-19 pandemic, research had alreadt demostrated the efficacy and effectiveness of digitial therapy for many mental health problems. Which of these was NOT one of their findings?

a) concerns that people with serious mental health problems are less likely than other groups to engage with teletherapy are unfounded.
b) the advantages of teletherapy are especially pronounced when working with children who have been abused, neglected, or otherwise traumatized.
c) while teletherapy might be an important tool in desperate times, it shouldn’t permanently replace face-to-face treatment - at least not for everyone.
d) adolescents (ages 10-19) have a varied reaction to teletherapy

Answer 27

B

Question 28

Data to support the specific factors perspective comes from _____, which investigate treatments that have multiple components with the goal of identifying those techniques that are most strongly associated with treatment benefit.

a) randomized controlled trials
b) dismantling studies
c) evidence-based treatments
d) dissemination studies

Answer 28

B

Question 29

Psychologists are trained in _____, which includes an awareness, knowledge, and skills in addressing what psychologists don’t know about their clients due to the unique life experiences that may shape psychologists’ own perceptions and assumptions.

a) multicultural humility
b) internal validity
c) dismantling studies
d) self-efficacy

Answer 29

A

Question 30

To reduce potential bias, ______ involves keeping personnel who assess clients in the study unaware of which treatment they are receiving.

a) internal validity
b) random assignment
c) manualized treatment
d) blinded assessment

Answer 30

D

Question 31

Which of these is NOT a key feature of randomized controlled trails?

a) control group
b) carefully selected and heterogenous client groups
c) random assignment to treatment or control groups
d) manualized treatment and well-trained therapists

Answer 31

B

Question 32

Effectiveness studies emphasize _______, which is the ability to generalize study findings to people and settings outside the study.

a) external reliability
b) internal validity
c) internal reliability
d) external validity

Answer 32

D

Question 33

A rival explanation for improvement in psychological treatment is ______, meaning that clients invest a great deal of time, energy, effort, and money in treatment, and may feel a psychological need to justify this commitment and report improvement to their therapist.

a) effort justification
b) reporting bias justification
c) placebo efforts
d) regression to the mean

Answer 33

A

Question 34

Which of these is true?

1. The case study was adopted as the gold standard study design because it optimizes external validity.
2. A client with social anxiety might shy away from giving any negative feedback and thuse report doing well even when there’s been little change.
3. Efficacy refers to a treatment’s practical application in a “real-world” clinical situation.

Answer 34

2 only

Question 35

Which of these is true?

1. Common factors are indicators of client functioning following treatment that are used to gauge the treatment effectiveness.
2. A psychologist is an individual without advanced education in psychology who has been trained to assist professional mental health workers.
3. A meta-analysis is a method of research in which one compiles all studies relevant to topic or question and combines the results statistically.

Answer 35

3 only

Question 36

Which of these describes the dialectical approach?

a) uses metaphors and experiential excercises based on relational frame theory to promote a healthier relationship with unwanted thoughts and feelings
b) focuses on developing skilsl for coping with stress, regulating strong emotions, and improving relationships with others
c) focuses on identifying and modifying maladaptive thinking and behavior patterns that maintain target problems
d) focuses on gaining insight into unconscious psychological forces thought to underlies target problems.

Answer 36

B

Question 37

Which of these describes the advantages of random assignment to treatment or control groups?

a) personnel who assess clients in the sutyd are kept unaware of which treatment they are receiving to reduce potential bias.
b) clients have an equal chance of being in any of the study conditions, which eliminates bias and improves generalizability of the results to the larger population.
c) It ensures that the results speak to how well a treatment works for a particular target problem or disorder.
d) random assignment allows researchers to estimate the true effects of an active treatment over and above any placebo effects.

Answer 37

B

Question 38

Which of these describes advantages of blinded assessment?

a) ensures that the reuslts speak to how well a treatment works for a particular target problem or disorder
b) ensures that the treatment(s) being studied is/are delivered optimally and in the same way to all clients
c) to reduce potential bias, personnel who assess clients in the study are kept unaware of which treatment they are receiving
d) allows researchers to estimate the true effects of an active treatment over and above any placebo effects

Answer 38

C

Question 39

Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) program incorporates pre- and posttreatment assessment so that the treatment effects an be measured. This program has transformed psychological treatment in ______.

a) Norway
b) Denmark
c) England
d) Australia

Answer 39

C

Question 40

A _______ is an individual without advanced education in psychology who has been trained to assist professional mental health workers.

a) paraprofessional
b) psychotherapist
c) psychologist
d) psychiatrist

Answer 40

A

Question 41

________ treatment is presented and described in a standardized format

a) evidence-based
b) diagnosis-based
c) manual-driven
d) cookbook

Answer 41

C

Question 42

You are examining how cognitive-behavioral therapy works outside of the research study. You are seeking to examine treatment ________.

a) efficacy
b) effectiveness
c) dissemination
d) validity

Answer 42

B

Question 43

The ______ was adopted as the gold standard study design because it optimizes ________ validity.

a) randomized controlled trial; internal
b) randomized controlled trial; external
c) case study; internal
d) case study; external

Answer 43

A

Question 44

The goal of dissemination science is to bridge the gap between ______ interventions and their use in _______.

a) biological; integrated care
b) newly developed; case studies
c) externally valid; community settings
d) evidence-based; clinical practice

Answer 44

D

Question 45

What approach focuses on gaining insight into unconscious psychological forces thought to underlie target problems?

a) behavioral
b) cognitive-behavioral
c) psychodynamic
d) dialectical

Answer 45

C

Question 46

Evidence-based treatment refers to interventions or techniques that demonstrate _____ effects in clients.

a) specific
b) neutral
c) beneficial
d) diagnostic

Answer 46

C

Question 47

The _____ perspective holds that theories and procedures particular to a given approach to treatment are necessary for psychological or behavioral change.

a) common factors
b) specific factors
c) outcome measures
d) internventions

Answer 47

B

Question 48

The ability to generalize study findings to people and/or settings outside the study is known as _______.

a) internal reliability
b) external validity
c) internal validity
d) external reliability

Answer 48

B

Question 49

It is valuable for psychologists to have an awareness of their own cultural values and expectations regarding ______, as this will facilitate understanding of what this process is like for clients from diverse backgrounds.

a) social support
b) education
c) personality
d) help-seeking

Answer 49

D

Question 50

It is critical for psychologists to adopt ______, or the perspective that their personal experiences create a unique a biased lens through which they view the world, which makes it difficult to understand how others may view similar experiences.

a) social skills
b) shaping
c) awareness training
d) cultural humility

Answer 50

D

Question 51

Which of these is NOT a guiding principle of behavior treatment?

a) all behavior in the clinical setting is best understood in terms of operant and classical conditioning
b) It is necessary to understand the motive for maladaptive behaviors. the motive are the problem as they are a sign or symptom of a disorder.
c) It is typically not necessary to know how a problematic behavior was learned in the first place. The focus of treatment should be on the process that maintain the behavior.
d) Most maladaptive behavior encountered in the clinical setting can be modified and replaced with new, more adaptive, learned behavior through the appropriate application of learning principles

Answer 51

B

Question 52

The procedures used in behavioral interventions were initially derived from ______ and ______ conditioning.

a) stimulus; response
b) classical; operant
c) relational; intrapersonal
d) multicultural; individual

Answer 52

B

Question 53

One of the criticisms of behavioral interventions is that the terminology used might be described as ______.

a) comforting
b) cold
c) dramatic
d) fulfilling

Answer 53

B

Question 54

One strength of behavioral interventions is ______, such that the duration of therapy is much less than pre-existing psychotherapies.

a) efficacy
b) breadth of application
c) efficiency
d) applicability

Answer 54

C

Question 55

Many studies have indicated the efficacy of _____ for improving sexual functioning

a) sensate focus
b) cue exposure
c) aversive conditioning
d) exposure therapy

Answer 55

A

Question 56

Which of these disorders does NOT have efficacy data from randomized controlled trials to support the use of exposure focused behavioral intervention?

a) PTSD
b) Major Depressive Disorder
c) Agoraphobia
d) OCD

Answer 56

B

Question 57

Which of these is the first stage in the stages of behavioral interventions?

a) outcome assessment
b) reformulation
c) target definition and baseline assessment
d) implementation

Answer 57

C

Question 58

In the stages of behavioral interventions, which of these occurs DIRECTLY BEFORE functional analysis and treatment planning?

a) target definition and baseline assessment
b) outcome assessment
c) reformulation
d) implementation

Answer 58

A

Question 59

Which of these is true?

1. Contracting is a technique in which the therapist and client draw up an agreement that specifies the behaviors that are desired and undesired as well as the consequences of engaging or failing to engage in these behaviors.
2. Habituation is defined as the elimination of a response that comes abot from the repeated and/or prolonged presentation of the provoking stimulus.
3. Imaginal exposure is direct confrontation with actual situations and objects, such as animals, social or evaluative situations, and environments.

Answer 59

1 and 2

Question 60

Which of these is true?

1. Adaptive intervention is a framework for treating disorders that is based on the principles of conditioning or learning.
2. Assertiveness training is a method of using behavioral rehearsal and other techniques to train people to express their needs effectively without infringing on the rights of others.
3. Covert sensitization is the first stage of systematic desensitization in which clients keeps a running log of each incident of the target behavior throughout the day.

Answer 60

2 only

Question 61

Which of these is true?

1. Habit reversal training is a behavior change technique that involves a series of steps including awareness training, stimulus control, and competing response practice.
2. The sensate rule is a contingency management technique in which a behavior is reinforced by allowing the individual to engage in a more attractive activity once the target behavior is completed.
3. Awareness training is the first stage of habit reversal training in which clients keep a running log of each incident of the target behavior throughout the day.

Answer 61

1 and 3

Question 62

What is the stage of behavioral intervention that involves assessing the antecedents and consequences of the problem and planning treatment?

a) target definition and baseline assessment
b) functional analysis and treatment planning
c) outcome assessment
d) reformulation

Answer 62

B

Question 63

Which of these is true?

1. Sensate focus involves a series of structure touching and discovery exercises that a couples performs together to extinguish performance-related anxiety, enhance communication, and learn about one’s own and their partner’s sexual responses.
2. Behavioral treatment is a framework for treating disorders that is based on the principles of conditioning or learning.
3. Psychoeducation is a technique in which the therapist and client draw up an agreement that specifies the behaviors that are desired and undesired as well as the consequences of engaging or failing to engage in these behaviors.

Answer 63

1 and 2

Question 64

Which of these is an example of an emotional trigger, as described by a client?

a) “When I am at the grocery store”
b) “When I am feeling down or depressed”
c) “When my heart is racing or when my throat is dry”
d) “When I am with strangers”

Answer 64

B

Question 65

Some clients have trouble expressing their opinions and wishes to theories. They may be aware of their thoughts, feelings, and needs but refrain from speaking up because they believe they aren’t entitled to stand up for themselves. This would be a good opportunity for ______.

a) assertiveness training
b) systematic desensitization
c) exposure therapy
d) habit reversal training

Answer 65

A

Question 66

A client is undergoing exposure therapy for panic attacks, and part of the treatment involves interoceptive exposure, which might include exercises such as ______ and ______.

a) imagining the feared stimulus; progressive muscle relaxation
b) hyperventilation; spinning in a swivel chair
c) chewing gum; wearing gloves
d) being in social situations; setting danger-based expectations

Answer 66

B

Question 67

A therapist might instruct a client who is struggling with excessive hair pulling undergoing _______ to imagine the undesired target behavior of hair pulling while imagining themselves becoming violently ill.

a) cue exposure
b) habit reversal training
c) covert sensitization
d) sensate focus

Answer 67

C

Question 68

At the start of a behavioral intervention, the psychologist should complete a _____ and define the ____ and collect data to measure its frequency, intensity, and duration before any treatment is implemented.

a) diagnostic interview; clinical diagnosis
b) baseline assessment; target behavior
c) exposure hierarchy; fear stimulus
d) cue exposure; aversive stimulus

Answer 68

B

Question 69

Refraining from talking out loud to oneself at school and at home is something that may be taught in ______.

a) social skills training
b) exposure therapy
c) habit reversal training
d) awareness training

Answer 69

A

Question 70

A child presents for therapy at your clinic, and they are throwing tantrums at school and home when they are not given candy. You decide that, in conjunction with the parents, you will help the parents to engage in _____ and teach them the specific technique of ________, where the child is removed from the situation that is reinforcing the behavior.

a) systematic desensitization; interoceptive exposure
b) exposure therapy; in vivo exposure
c) contingency management; time-out
d) aversive conditioning; covert sensitization

Answer 70

C

Question 71

_______ is a behavioral intervention in which clients repeatedly confront the conditioned stimuli in the absenceof unconditioned stimuli.

a) Exposure therapy
b) Behavioral activation
c) Progressive muscle relaxation
d) Habit reversal training

Answer 71

A

Question 72

The basis of ____ is the universal tight to express one’s own thoughts, feelings, and needs — including the right to respectfully say “no” and refuse requests.

a) assertiveness training
b) social skills training
c) psychoeducation
d) sensate focus training

Answer 72

A

Question 73

______ is a stage in _____ in which the client and therapist use the data from awareness training logs to design strategies for reducing the influence of conditioned stimuli that trigger the target behavior.

a) stimulus control; habit reversal training
b) covert sensitization; systematic desensitization
c) covert sensitization; habit reversal training
d) stimulus control; systematic desensitization

Answer 73

A