Exam 3 Chapter 8-10

Question 0

Skeletal growth

Answer 0

Epiphyses: 45 new growth centers
Teeth: lose baby teeth, care of primary teeth is essential, 30-60% US preschoolers have some affected teeth

Question 1

Body growth (3-6 year old)

Answer 1

Slower growth pattern 
Height 2-3", weight 4-5lbs
Boys are bigger than girls 
Body fat declines 
Shape becomes more streamlined 
Posture/balance improve

Question 2

Brain development

Answer 2

Size increases 70-90% of adult weight
Reshaping and refining (overproduced synapses and Myelination of neural fibers leads to synaptic pruning) (plasticity declines)
Rapid growth in prefrontal cortical areas (impulse inhibition, attention, memory, planning, and organizing)
Lateralization (left: thought, language, behavior control) (right: spatial skills gradually develop)

Question 3

Dominant cerebral hemisphere and handedness

Answer 3

Greater capacity of one side of brain to carry skilled motor actions
Language and right handed - 90% left hemisphere
Language and left handed - 10% both hemispheres
May be genetic basis but affected by experience

Question 4

Advances in brain development

Answer 4

Cerebellum: aids balance, control, motor coordination, thinking
Reticular formation: alertness, consciousness
Hippocampus: memory, spatial ability
Amygdala: processing emotional information, facial expressions, memory for emotionally salient events
Corpus callosum: communication between hemispheres, coordination of movement, integration of thinking

Question 5

Heredity, hormones, and emotional well being

Answer 5

Pituitary gland: releases 2 hormones that induce growth
Growth hormone: development of almost all body tissues
Thyroid stimulating hormone: pituitary to thyroid to release thyroxin (necessary for brain development and body growth)
Psychosocial dwarfism: decreased gh secretion, very short stature, immature skeletal age, adjustment problems

Question 6

Young children sleep

Answer 6

Contributes to growth
Total sleep declines
Disrupted or lack of sleep can cause cognitive declines and behavior problems

Question 7

Nutrition

Answer 7

Appetite decreases 
Caution of new foods 
Need high quality diet 
Nutritionally deficit diet 
Good nutrition: varied and healthy diet, predictable meals with small portions, repeated exposure to new foods, positive climate, pleasant meals, avoid restricting foods

Question 8

Motor skill development in early childhood

Answer 8

Balance improves 
Gait smooth and rhythmic by age 2 
Upper and lower body skills combine into more refined actions by age 5
Greater speed and endurance 
Self-help: dressing, eating, tying shoes
Drawing: writing and painting

Question 9

Piagets preoperational stage

Answer 9

Ages 2-7: increase in representational or symbolic activity
Advances in mental representation
Language: most flexible means of mental representation, detaches thought from action
Make believe play: children practice and strengthen representational schemes

Question 10

Development of make believe play

Answer 10

Gradually becomes more detached from real life conditions, less self centered, more complex combinations of schemes

Question 11

Benefits of make believe play

Answer 11

Sustained attention, memory, logical reasoning, language and literacy, imagination, creativity
Interactions last longer, show more involvement, include more children into activity, more cooperative, can control behavior and take another’s perspective, rated more socially competent by teachers

Question 12

Limitations of preoperational thought

Answer 12

Cannot perform mental operations (mental actions that obey logical rules, thinking is rigid and influenced by appearance)
Egocentric
Unable to conserve
Lack hierarchical classification

Question 13

Egocentric thinking

Answer 13

Fail to distinguish the symbolic viewpoints of others from ones own
Focus on their own viewpoint
Assume others perceive, think, and feel as they do
3 mountain task

Question 14

Animistic thinking

Answer 14

Belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities such as thoughts, wishes, feelings, and intentions
Magical thinking

Question 15

Conservation

Answer 15

Physical characteristics of object remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes
Centered thinking
Irreversibility

Question 16

Hierarchical classification

Answer 16

Organization of objects into classes and subclasses on basis of similarities and differences

Question 17

Educational principles derived from piagets theory

Answer 17

Discovery learning
Sensitivity to readiness to learn
Acceptance of individual differences

Question 18

Vygotskys sociocultural theory: children’s private speech

Answer 18

Piaget Egocentric speech: talk for self
Vygotsky disagreed with Piaget (private speech is the foundation for all higher cognitive processes and helps guide behavior)
Gradually becomes more silent
Children with learning and behavior problems tend to use private speech longer

Question 19

Social origins of early childhood cognition

Answer 19

Zone of proximal development
Effective social interaction (intersubjectivity: start at different understanding but arrive at a shared understanding, scaffolding: adjust support offered during teaching, guided participation: shared endeavor without specifying precise features of communication)

Question 20

Vygotsky and early childhood education

Answer 20

Piaget and vygotsky emphasize active participation and acceptance of individual differences
Vygotsky: assisted discovery, make believe play

Question 21

Improvements in information processing

Answer 21

Sustained attention continues to improve
Inhibition: increased ability to inhibit impulses, keep mind on a competing goal, parents who help child maintain focus are more cognitively and socially mature

Planning: thinking out a sequence of acts ahead of time, allocating attention to reach a goal, children can generate and follow a plan for familiar and simple tasks, games with rules/patterns/recipes helps

Question 22

Improvements in information processing: memory

Answer 22

Recognition: noticing that a stimulus is identical or similar to previously experienced
Recall: generating a mental representation of an absent stimulus

Question 23

Emergent literacy

Answer 23

Efforts to construct literacy knowledge through information experiences
Phonological awareness: reflect/manipulate sounds of spoken language, related to emergent literacy and later reading and spelling achievement
Informal literacy experiences: point out letter sound correspondences, playing rhyming and language games, engage in interactive book reading

Question 24

Early childhood mathematical reasoning

Answer 24

Ordinality: order relationships between quantities, emerges between 14-16 months

Cardinality: last number is total when counting, emerges. Between 3-4 years, understand meaning of numbers

Arithmetic strategies: emerges universally around world, children acquire sooner with experience, math proficiency at K predicts later math achievement

Question 25

Educational media

Answer 25

2-6 years old : 2 hours per day
7-11 years old: 3.5 hours per day
Tv in bedroom: 40-90min per day

Question 26

Language development

Answer 26

2: 200 words
6: 10,000 words
Fast mapping: connect words with underlying concept
Objects: parents point, label and talk
Verbs: require understanding of relationships between object and action
Modifiers: from General to specific

Question 27

Strategies for word learning

Answer 27

Mutual exclusivity bias viewpoint: words refer to separate Categories
Syntactic bootstrapping hypothesis: observe how words used in syntax , use syntax to refine word meaning and generalize
Adult help: adults inform children directly about meanings
Coin new words: use words they already know to fill in for words they haven’t learned

Question 28

Grammar and pragmatics

Answer 28

2: have effective conversations, turn taking, face to face
4: adjust conversation to fit listener
Difficult when they can’t see the listener

Question 29

Eriksons psychosocial theory

Answer 29

A confident self image
New social skills
Foundation of morality
Identity
Stage 3: initiative vs guilt
Initiative: positive resolution (new sense of purposefulness, eagerness to try new tasks, acts out family scenarios)
Guilt: negative resolution (overly strict superego, or conscience, excessive threats)

Question 30

Self understanding: self concept

Answer 30

Develops as self awareness increases

Based on observable characteristics

Question 31

Self understanding: self esteem

Answer 31

Feeling about judgements of our worth
Self evaluations
Self judgments (own ability is overestimated, task difficulty is underestimated)
Self esteem influences initiative ( high se - high motivation, low se - give up)

Question 32

Gains in emotional competence

Answer 32

Emotional understanding
Emotional self regulation
Self conscious emotions

Question 33

Individual differences in self conscious emotions

Answer 33

Sympathy: feeling of concern for another’s plight
Empathy: feeling same or similar emotions as another person (motivator of prosocial,altruistic behavior, needs words to communicate)

Question 34

Peer relations

Answer 34

Nonsocial activity: unoccupied, onlooker behavior, solitary play
Parallel play: plays near other children with similar materials, does not try to influence them
Social interaction: associative play (separate activities but exchange toys) cooperative play (orient toward common goal, make believe play)

Question 35

Parent influences on early peer relations

Answer 35

Direct: arrange informal peer activities, guidance on how to act towards others
Indirect: secure attachment, emotionally expressive, sensitive communication, parent child play

Question 36

Foundations of morality

Answer 36

Psychoanalytic perspective: stresses emotional side of conscience development
Social learning theory: focuses on how moral behavior is learned through reinforcement and modeling
Cognitive-developmental perspective: emphasizes thinking and reasoning

Question 37

Foundations of morality

Answer 37

Moral imperatives: actions that protect rights and welfare, children react strongly to moral offenses
Social conventions: customs determined by social consensus, peers seldom react to violations of social convention
Personal choice: up to the individual, do not violate rights, not socially regulated

Question 38

Development of aggression

Answer 38

Proactive/instrumental: act to fulfill a need or desire (decreases with age)
Reactive/hostile: meant to hurt another person (increases with age)

Question 39

Authoritative parenting style

Answer 39

Respect child but maintain control
Warm, accepting, involved, attentive, firm, sensitive, encourage responsibility, decision making
Children are competent, have self control , cooperative, mature, high self esteem , academic achievement

Question 40

Authoritarian

Answer 40

Set rules and harshly enforce them
Cold, rejecting, inflexible, strict disciplinarian
Children obey without question, hostile, aggressive, resent control, show rebellion, low se, high anxiety

Question 41

Permissive

Answer 41

Little control over behavior
Overindulgent
Littl guidance, few restrictions, child decides
Children are impulsive, less persistent, dependent, poor academics, non achieving, self centered

Question 42

Uninvolved

Answer 42

Disinterested, don’t supervise, unemotional

Children are impulsive, disobedient, rebellious