Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Infant And Child Development > Exam 2: Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Exam 2: Chapter 5 Flashcards

0
Q

Infant weight

A

6 months: doubled (15 lbs)
12 months: tripled (22 lbs)
2 years: quadrupled (30 lbs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Infant body growth

A

50% by 1 year (28”-29”)

75% by age 2 (32”-33”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Muscle fat makeup

A

Gain body fat until about 9 months, then get slimmer
Helps maintain a constant body temperature
Muscle tissue increases slowly ( peaks in adolescence)
Girls slightly shorter and lighter than boys (higher fat ratio)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Patterns of physical growth and motor control: Cephalocaudal

A

(“Head to tail”)
Head is bigger than lower part of the body
Infant gains control of their head movement, then their neck, shoulders, back, hips, legs and feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Patterns of physical growth and motor control: Proximodistal

A

(“Near to far”)
Growth: head, chest and trunk then arms/legs and hands/feet
Infant learns to control the muscles of their chest and shoulders before they can control their arms, hands or fingers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Skeletal growth: Skeletal age

A

Measure of the body’s bone development
Best estimate of child’s physical maturity
Estimate age by X-ray of bones and checking number of epiphyses and extent of fusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Epiphyses

A

Thin and disappear when no more growth
Growth centers at extreme ends of long bones
Cartilage produced at growth plates of epiphyses throughout childhood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Growth of the skull: Fontanels

A 
Sphenoid: side 
Anterior: front 
Posterior: back 
Mastoid: behind ear
Bones of skull separated by gaps
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Growth of skull: sutures

A

Seams

Skull bones come in contact with one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Brain development: neurons

A

100-200 billion

Nerve cells that store and transmit information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Brain development: synapses

A

Tiny gaps where fibers from different neurons come close together but do not touch
Neurons stimulated by input establish synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Brain development: neurotransmitters

A

Neurons send messengers to one another by releasing these chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Brain development: synaptic pruning

A

(0-12 months)
Neurons seldom stimulated lose synapses
Returns neurons not needed to an uncommitted state so they can support future development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Brain development: Myelination

A

Coating of neural fibers
Improves efficiency of message transfer
Begins prior to birth and continuous throughout early childhood (approx 9 years)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Development of cerebral cortex

A 
Surrounds the brain 
Largest portion(85%) 
Most complex
Greatest number of neurons and synapses 
Last structure to stop growing (most sensitive to influences)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Regions of cerebral cortex

A

order of development corresponds to order of infant capacity
Temporal: memory, hearing, language
Occipital: vision
Parietal: touch, spatial, reading
Frontal: thought (most extended period of development)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Lateralization of cerebral cortex

A

Specialization of functions of the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex
Lateralized brain is adaptive (copes with demands)
Left and right hemisphere work together but each hemisphere controls different functions

17
Q

Left hemisphere

A 
Sensory info and controls right side of the body 
Verbal abilities
Language
Positive emotion
Sequential, analytical processing
18
Q

Right hemisphere

A

Control left side
Spatial abilities
Negative emotions
Holistic/integrative processing

19
Q

Brain plasticity

A

Capacity of the nervous system to change its structure and it’s function in reaction to environmental diversity
Ability of other areas of the brain to reorganize and take over function of a damaged part
Infants and young children: brain is more plastic ( parts of brain are not yet specialized )
Recover better from brain injury
(Language recovers better than spatial skills)

20
Q

Sleep patterns

A

Declines from 18 to 12 hours a day by age 2
Moves to an adult like night/day schedule during the first year
Affected by brain development, social environment and cultural values
Night waking often increases between the ages of 1.5 and 2 years and then declines

21
Q

Cultural variations in sleeping patterns

A

Co-sleeping: norm for 90% of world population

22
Q

Influences on early growth: heredity

A

Height, weight , and rate of physical growth determined by heredity
Even when poor nutrition or illness are not severe, catch-up growth occurs

23
Q

Influences on early growth: nutrition (Breastfeeding)

A

Correct fat increase and protein decrease balance
Nutritionally complete (low iron)
Better growth (leaner. More muscle)
Disease protection
Better jaw and tooth development (lower tooth decay an decreased malocclusion)
Ensures digestibility
Easier transition to solid food

24
Influences on early growth: malnutrition
Marasmus: diet low in essential nutrients, less than 1 year, growth and weight problems Kwashiorkor: unbalanced diet. Very low in protein (enlarged belly, swollen feet, hair loss, irritable). 1-3 years Iron-deficiency anemia: low iron level caused by insufficient dietary intake (any age) Food insecurity: uncertain access to enough food (any age), kids tend to hoard when they are exposed
25
Consequences of malnutrition
``` Growth and weigh problems Loss of brain weight Poor motor development Learning and attention problems Passivity, irritability, anxiety ```
26
Growth faltering
Baby is offered enough food No serious illness Present by 18 months Physical development: head and weight are below age related norms, show signs of marasmus Behavior is withdrawn and apathetic Stress in baby lowers or stops production of the growth hormone
27
Classical conditioning
Infant reflexes allow cc possible | Neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that triggers a reflex allowing the new stimulus to produce the behavior
28
Operant conditioning
Infant acts on the environment and behavior is followed by a stimulus effects whether they repeat the behavior
29
Reinforcement
Increases probability of behavior occurring again Prescribing desirable stimulus (positive) Removing unpleasant stimulus (negative)
30
Punishment
Decreases probability of behavior occurring again Present unpleasant stimulus (positive) Remove desirable stimulus (negative)
31
Habituation
Gradual reduction of a response due to repetitive stimulation
32
Recovery
A change in the environment cause a responsiveness to return to a high level
33
Imitation
``` Copying behavior of another Newborns have the ability to imitate Mirror neurons offer biological explanation Powerful means of learning Helps positive relationships ```
34
Motor development: sequence and traits
Gross motor development: large muscles, control over actions that help infant move (crawling, standing, walking) Fine motor development: smaller muscles, small movements, reaching and grasping
35
Gross motor development
2-3months: hold head erect/steady, lifts self by arms, rolls side to side 4-5months: rolls from back to side 7-8months: sits alone, crawls, pulls to stand 11/12months: stands/walks alone 16months: walks up stairs with help 23/24months: jumps in place, stands or walks on tip toes
36
Fine motor development
2/3months : Prereaching (swatting) 4months: grasps cube (ulnar grasp) 5-6months: transfer cubes from hand to hand 7-9months: pincer grasp, plays patty cake 11/12months: builds tower of 2 cubes, stacks rings, turn pages, 14months: mark with crayons or markers 23-24months: scribbles vigorously (circular to horizontal and vertical)
37
Toilet training
Best delayed until after 2nd birthday Able to consistently identify signals Able to control the muscles Postponing training=shorter training time Pressuring=negatively effect emotional well-being
38
Caregiving concerns: keeping infant and toddlers safe
Provide safe toys: match to child's age/abilities, inspect all toys, avoid cord activated toys, remove crib mobiles, keep away from balloons Childproof all rooms: lids on toilets, toxic substances out of reach, unplug appliances, use safety plugs, safety gates on stairs
39
Perceptual development: hearing
Birth: prefer human speech, prefer native tongue 4-6months: sense of musical phrasing, sensitive to syllable stress patterns in their own language 6-8months: can distinguish musical tones based on patterns, screen out sounds from non native languages 8-10months: divide speech stream into word like units (sign language) 10-12months: can recognize same melody in different keys, can detect words that start with weak syllables
40
Perceptual development: vision
``` Supported by rapid maturation of eyes/visual centers in brain Improvements: 2 months: focus on objects 4 months: color vision 6 months: acuity, scanning, and tracking 6/8months: depth perception ```

Infant And Child Development (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions