Exam 2: Chapter 5

Question 0

Infant weight

Answer 0

6 months: doubled (15 lbs)
12 months: tripled (22 lbs)
2 years: quadrupled (30 lbs)

Question 1

Infant body growth

Answer 1

50% by 1 year (28”-29”)

75% by age 2 (32”-33”)

Question 2

Muscle fat makeup

Answer 2

Gain body fat until about 9 months, then get slimmer
Helps maintain a constant body temperature
Muscle tissue increases slowly ( peaks in adolescence)
Girls slightly shorter and lighter than boys (higher fat ratio)

Question 3

Patterns of physical growth and motor control: Cephalocaudal

Answer 3

(“Head to tail”)
Head is bigger than lower part of the body
Infant gains control of their head movement, then their neck, shoulders, back, hips, legs and feet

Question 4

Patterns of physical growth and motor control: Proximodistal

Answer 4

(“Near to far”)
Growth: head, chest and trunk then arms/legs and hands/feet
Infant learns to control the muscles of their chest and shoulders before they can control their arms, hands or fingers

Question 5

Skeletal growth: Skeletal age

Answer 5

Measure of the body’s bone development
Best estimate of child’s physical maturity
Estimate age by X-ray of bones and checking number of epiphyses and extent of fusion

Question 6

Epiphyses

Answer 6

Thin and disappear when no more growth
Growth centers at extreme ends of long bones
Cartilage produced at growth plates of epiphyses throughout childhood

Question 7

Growth of the skull: Fontanels

Answer 7

Sphenoid: side 
Anterior: front 
Posterior: back 
Mastoid: behind ear
Bones of skull separated by gaps

Question 8

Growth of skull: sutures

Answer 8

Seams

Skull bones come in contact with one another

Question 9

Brain development: neurons

Answer 9

100-200 billion

Nerve cells that store and transmit information

Question 10

Brain development: synapses

Answer 10

Tiny gaps where fibers from different neurons come close together but do not touch
Neurons stimulated by input establish synapses

Question 11

Brain development: neurotransmitters

Answer 11

Neurons send messengers to one another by releasing these chemicals

Question 12

Brain development: synaptic pruning

Answer 12

(0-12 months)
Neurons seldom stimulated lose synapses
Returns neurons not needed to an uncommitted state so they can support future development

Question 13

Brain development: Myelination

Answer 13

Coating of neural fibers
Improves efficiency of message transfer
Begins prior to birth and continuous throughout early childhood (approx 9 years)

Question 14

Development of cerebral cortex

Answer 14

Surrounds the brain 
Largest portion(85%) 
Most complex
Greatest number of neurons and synapses 
Last structure to stop growing (most sensitive to influences)

Question 15

Regions of cerebral cortex

Answer 15

order of development corresponds to order of infant capacity
Temporal: memory, hearing, language
Occipital: vision
Parietal: touch, spatial, reading
Frontal: thought (most extended period of development)

Question 16

Lateralization of cerebral cortex

Answer 16

Specialization of functions of the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex
Lateralized brain is adaptive (copes with demands)
Left and right hemisphere work together but each hemisphere controls different functions

Question 17

Left hemisphere

Answer 17

Sensory info and controls right side of the body 
Verbal abilities
Language
Positive emotion
Sequential, analytical processing

Question 18

Right hemisphere

Answer 18

Control left side
Spatial abilities
Negative emotions
Holistic/integrative processing

Question 19

Brain plasticity

Answer 19

Capacity of the nervous system to change its structure and it’s function in reaction to environmental diversity
Ability of other areas of the brain to reorganize and take over function of a damaged part
Infants and young children: brain is more plastic ( parts of brain are not yet specialized )
Recover better from brain injury
(Language recovers better than spatial skills)

Question 20

Sleep patterns

Answer 20

Declines from 18 to 12 hours a day by age 2
Moves to an adult like night/day schedule during the first year
Affected by brain development, social environment and cultural values
Night waking often increases between the ages of 1.5 and 2 years and then declines

Question 21

Cultural variations in sleeping patterns

Answer 21

Co-sleeping: norm for 90% of world population

Question 22

Influences on early growth: heredity

Answer 22

Height, weight , and rate of physical growth determined by heredity
Even when poor nutrition or illness are not severe, catch-up growth occurs

Question 23

Influences on early growth: nutrition (Breastfeeding)

Answer 23

Correct fat increase and protein decrease balance
Nutritionally complete (low iron)
Better growth (leaner. More muscle)
Disease protection
Better jaw and tooth development (lower tooth decay an decreased malocclusion)
Ensures digestibility
Easier transition to solid food

Question 24

Influences on early growth: malnutrition

Answer 24

Marasmus: diet low in essential nutrients, less than 1 year, growth and weight problems
Kwashiorkor: unbalanced diet. Very low in protein (enlarged belly, swollen feet, hair loss, irritable). 1-3 years
Iron-deficiency anemia: low iron level caused by insufficient dietary intake (any age)
Food insecurity: uncertain access to enough food (any age), kids tend to hoard when they are exposed

Question 25

Consequences of malnutrition

Answer 25

Growth and weigh problems
Loss of brain weight 
Poor motor development 
Learning and attention problems 
Passivity, irritability, anxiety

Question 26

Growth faltering

Answer 26

Baby is offered enough food
No serious illness
Present by 18 months
Physical development: head and weight are below age related norms, show signs of marasmus
Behavior is withdrawn and apathetic
Stress in baby lowers or stops production of the growth hormone

Question 27

Classical conditioning

Answer 27

Infant reflexes allow cc possible

Neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that triggers a reflex allowing the new stimulus to produce the behavior

Question 28

Operant conditioning

Answer 28

Infant acts on the environment and behavior is followed by a stimulus effects whether they repeat the behavior

Question 29

Reinforcement

Answer 29

Increases probability of behavior occurring again
Prescribing desirable stimulus (positive)
Removing unpleasant stimulus (negative)

Question 30

Punishment

Answer 30

Decreases probability of behavior occurring again
Present unpleasant stimulus (positive)
Remove desirable stimulus (negative)

Question 31

Habituation

Answer 31

Gradual reduction of a response due to repetitive stimulation

Question 32

Recovery

Answer 32

A change in the environment cause a responsiveness to return to a high level

Question 33

Imitation

Answer 33

Copying behavior of another 
Newborns have the ability to imitate 
Mirror neurons offer biological explanation 
Powerful means of learning 
Helps positive relationships

Question 34

Motor development: sequence and traits

Answer 34

Gross motor development: large muscles, control over actions that help infant move (crawling, standing, walking)
Fine motor development: smaller muscles, small movements, reaching and grasping

Question 35

Gross motor development

Answer 35

2-3months: hold head erect/steady, lifts self by arms, rolls side to side
4-5months: rolls from back to side
7-8months: sits alone, crawls, pulls to stand
11/12months: stands/walks alone
16months: walks up stairs with help
23/24months: jumps in place, stands or walks on tip toes

Question 36

Fine motor development

Answer 36

2/3months : Prereaching (swatting)
4months: grasps cube (ulnar grasp)
5-6months: transfer cubes from hand to hand
7-9months: pincer grasp, plays patty cake
11/12months: builds tower of 2 cubes, stacks rings, turn pages,
14months: mark with crayons or markers
23-24months: scribbles vigorously (circular to horizontal and vertical)

Question 37

Toilet training

Answer 37

Best delayed until after 2nd birthday
Able to consistently identify signals
Able to control the muscles
Postponing training=shorter training time
Pressuring=negatively effect emotional well-being

Question 38

Caregiving concerns: keeping infant and toddlers safe

Answer 38

Provide safe toys: match to child’s age/abilities, inspect all toys, avoid cord activated toys, remove crib mobiles, keep away from balloons
Childproof all rooms: lids on toilets, toxic substances out of reach, unplug appliances, use safety plugs, safety gates on stairs

Question 39

Perceptual development: hearing

Answer 39

Birth: prefer human speech, prefer native tongue
4-6months: sense of musical phrasing, sensitive to syllable stress patterns in their own language
6-8months: can distinguish musical tones based on patterns, screen out sounds from non native languages
8-10months: divide speech stream into word like units (sign language)
10-12months: can recognize same melody in different keys, can detect words that start with weak syllables

Question 40

Perceptual development: vision

Answer 40

Supported by rapid maturation of eyes/visual centers in brain 
Improvements: 
2 months: focus on objects
4 months: color vision
6 months: acuity, scanning, and tracking
6/8months: depth perception