Exam 2: Chapter 5 Flashcards
Infant weight
6 months: doubled (15 lbs)
12 months: tripled (22 lbs)
2 years: quadrupled (30 lbs)
Infant body growth
50% by 1 year (28”-29”)
75% by age 2 (32”-33”)
Muscle fat makeup
Gain body fat until about 9 months, then get slimmer
Helps maintain a constant body temperature
Muscle tissue increases slowly ( peaks in adolescence)
Girls slightly shorter and lighter than boys (higher fat ratio)
Patterns of physical growth and motor control: Cephalocaudal
(“Head to tail”)
Head is bigger than lower part of the body
Infant gains control of their head movement, then their neck, shoulders, back, hips, legs and feet
Patterns of physical growth and motor control: Proximodistal
(“Near to far”)
Growth: head, chest and trunk then arms/legs and hands/feet
Infant learns to control the muscles of their chest and shoulders before they can control their arms, hands or fingers
Skeletal growth: Skeletal age
Measure of the body’s bone development
Best estimate of child’s physical maturity
Estimate age by X-ray of bones and checking number of epiphyses and extent of fusion
Epiphyses
Thin and disappear when no more growth
Growth centers at extreme ends of long bones
Cartilage produced at growth plates of epiphyses throughout childhood
Growth of the skull: Fontanels
Sphenoid: side Anterior: front Posterior: back Mastoid: behind ear Bones of skull separated by gaps
Growth of skull: sutures
Seams
Skull bones come in contact with one another
Brain development: neurons
100-200 billion
Nerve cells that store and transmit information
Brain development: synapses
Tiny gaps where fibers from different neurons come close together but do not touch
Neurons stimulated by input establish synapses
Brain development: neurotransmitters
Neurons send messengers to one another by releasing these chemicals
Brain development: synaptic pruning
(0-12 months)
Neurons seldom stimulated lose synapses
Returns neurons not needed to an uncommitted state so they can support future development
Brain development: Myelination
Coating of neural fibers
Improves efficiency of message transfer
Begins prior to birth and continuous throughout early childhood (approx 9 years)
Development of cerebral cortex
Surrounds the brain Largest portion(85%) Most complex Greatest number of neurons and synapses Last structure to stop growing (most sensitive to influences)
Regions of cerebral cortex
order of development corresponds to order of infant capacity
Temporal: memory, hearing, language
Occipital: vision
Parietal: touch, spatial, reading
Frontal: thought (most extended period of development)
Lateralization of cerebral cortex
Specialization of functions of the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex
Lateralized brain is adaptive (copes with demands)
Left and right hemisphere work together but each hemisphere controls different functions
Left hemisphere
Sensory info and controls right side of the body Verbal abilities Language Positive emotion Sequential, analytical processing
Right hemisphere
Control left side
Spatial abilities
Negative emotions
Holistic/integrative processing
Brain plasticity
Capacity of the nervous system to change its structure and it’s function in reaction to environmental diversity
Ability of other areas of the brain to reorganize and take over function of a damaged part
Infants and young children: brain is more plastic ( parts of brain are not yet specialized )
Recover better from brain injury
(Language recovers better than spatial skills)
Sleep patterns
Declines from 18 to 12 hours a day by age 2
Moves to an adult like night/day schedule during the first year
Affected by brain development, social environment and cultural values
Night waking often increases between the ages of 1.5 and 2 years and then declines
Cultural variations in sleeping patterns
Co-sleeping: norm for 90% of world population
Influences on early growth: heredity
Height, weight , and rate of physical growth determined by heredity
Even when poor nutrition or illness are not severe, catch-up growth occurs
Influences on early growth: nutrition (Breastfeeding)
Correct fat increase and protein decrease balance
Nutritionally complete (low iron)
Better growth (leaner. More muscle)
Disease protection
Better jaw and tooth development (lower tooth decay an decreased malocclusion)
Ensures digestibility
Easier transition to solid food
Influences on early growth: malnutrition
Marasmus: diet low in essential nutrients, less than 1 year, growth and weight problems
Kwashiorkor: unbalanced diet. Very low in protein (enlarged belly, swollen feet, hair loss, irritable). 1-3 years
Iron-deficiency anemia: low iron level caused by insufficient dietary intake (any age)
Food insecurity: uncertain access to enough food (any age), kids tend to hoard when they are exposed
Consequences of malnutrition
Growth and weigh problems Loss of brain weight Poor motor development Learning and attention problems Passivity, irritability, anxiety
Growth faltering
Baby is offered enough food
No serious illness
Present by 18 months
Physical development: head and weight are below age related norms, show signs of marasmus
Behavior is withdrawn and apathetic
Stress in baby lowers or stops production of the growth hormone
Classical conditioning
Infant reflexes allow cc possible
Neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that triggers a reflex allowing the new stimulus to produce the behavior
Operant conditioning
Infant acts on the environment and behavior is followed by a stimulus effects whether they repeat the behavior
Reinforcement
Increases probability of behavior occurring again
Prescribing desirable stimulus (positive)
Removing unpleasant stimulus (negative)
Punishment
Decreases probability of behavior occurring again
Present unpleasant stimulus (positive)
Remove desirable stimulus (negative)
Habituation
Gradual reduction of a response due to repetitive stimulation
Recovery
A change in the environment cause a responsiveness to return to a high level
Imitation
Copying behavior of another Newborns have the ability to imitate Mirror neurons offer biological explanation Powerful means of learning Helps positive relationships
Motor development: sequence and traits
Gross motor development: large muscles, control over actions that help infant move (crawling, standing, walking)
Fine motor development: smaller muscles, small movements, reaching and grasping
Gross motor development
2-3months: hold head erect/steady, lifts self by arms, rolls side to side
4-5months: rolls from back to side
7-8months: sits alone, crawls, pulls to stand
11/12months: stands/walks alone
16months: walks up stairs with help
23/24months: jumps in place, stands or walks on tip toes
Fine motor development
2/3months : Prereaching (swatting)
4months: grasps cube (ulnar grasp)
5-6months: transfer cubes from hand to hand
7-9months: pincer grasp, plays patty cake
11/12months: builds tower of 2 cubes, stacks rings, turn pages,
14months: mark with crayons or markers
23-24months: scribbles vigorously (circular to horizontal and vertical)
Toilet training
Best delayed until after 2nd birthday
Able to consistently identify signals
Able to control the muscles
Postponing training=shorter training time
Pressuring=negatively effect emotional well-being
Caregiving concerns: keeping infant and toddlers safe
Provide safe toys: match to child’s age/abilities, inspect all toys, avoid cord activated toys, remove crib mobiles, keep away from balloons
Childproof all rooms: lids on toilets, toxic substances out of reach, unplug appliances, use safety plugs, safety gates on stairs
Perceptual development: hearing
Birth: prefer human speech, prefer native tongue
4-6months: sense of musical phrasing, sensitive to syllable stress patterns in their own language
6-8months: can distinguish musical tones based on patterns, screen out sounds from non native languages
8-10months: divide speech stream into word like units (sign language)
10-12months: can recognize same melody in different keys, can detect words that start with weak syllables
Perceptual development: vision
Supported by rapid maturation of eyes/visual centers in brain Improvements: 2 months: focus on objects 4 months: color vision 6 months: acuity, scanning, and tracking 6/8months: depth perception
