Exam 3 - Ch. 9 and 10 Flashcards
Which need is the most important in terms of fundamental human needs?
The need to love and be loved
Which people are most likely to become your friends and lovers?
The people who by chance you see and interact with most often
What is the propinquity effect?
The finding that the more we see and interact with people, the more likely they are to become our friends
What did Festinger and colleagues (1950) demonstrate in their study on propinquity effect?
That attraction and propinquity rely not only on actual physical distance, but also on the more psychological, functional distance
What is functional distance?
Certain aspects of architectural design that make it likely that some people will come into contact with each other more often than with others
Which residents in apartments had more friends than others?
Residents in 1 and 5 and throughout the complex had more friends upstairs than did dwellers in the other first-floor apartments
What is the mere exposure effect?
The finding that the more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more apt we are to like it
__ leads to attraction regardless of whether interactions are face-to-face or online
Familiarity
Moreland and Scott Beach (1992) conducted a study where at the end of the semester, students in the class were shown slides of women, whom they rated on several measures of liking and attraction. What did they find out?
Mere exposure had a definite effect on liking. Even though they had never interacted, the more often the students had seen the women in class, the more they like them
When would the mere exposure effect backfire?
If our feelings toward someone are negative and the more exposure you have to him or her, the greater your dislike is towards them
What did McKenna and colleagues (2002) find when conducting a study about forming relationships online?
People report being more comfortable revealing their “true” self to a partner over the internet compared with a face-to-face interaction, and they found that participants also report more liking for an internet partner than a partner they met in person - even when unbeknownst to them, it was actually the same person
What is the “richer get richer” hypothesis?
People who are extroverted and have good social skills use the internet as another way of acquiring more friends, although other studies have shown that online friendships are more likely to be formed by lonely, introverted people who may lack the social skills required to form relationships in person
A study has shown that __ had better friendship quality if they engaged in online chatting and __ support for the “rich get richer” hypothesis among __
Boys (i.e., socially anxious boys); girls
__ relationships may form more quickly and become intimate sooner than __ relationships. However, early research shows that these relationships can fizzle just as quickly as they started up
Online; offline
While there is still much to be learned about internet relationships, data suggests that because of computers, __ may soon no longer be a prerequisite for the formation of relationships
Propinquity
__ is the attraction to people who are like us
Similarity
__ is the attraction to people who are opposite to us
Complementarity
What is prosocial behavior?
Any act per formed with the goal of benefitting another person
What is altruism?
The desire to help others, even if it involves a cost to the helper
What is kin selection?
The idea that behavior that helps a genetic relative is favored by natural selection
What is the norm of reciprocity?
The expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future
In short, people are genetically programmed to learn social norms, and one of these norms is __
Altruism
What is empathy?
The ability to experience events and emotions (e.g., joy, sadness) the way another person experiences them
__, is the idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help him or her purely for altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain
Empathy-altruism hypothesis
What does social exchange theory argue?
Much of what we do stems from the desire to maximize our rewards and minimize our costs
Under what conditions did people agree to help Carol with the work she missed in psychology class?
When empathy was high, people helped regardless of the costs and rewards (i.e., regardless if they would encounter her in class). When empathy was low, people were more concerned with the rewards and costs for them - they helped only if they would encounter Carol in class and thus feel guilty about not helping
Helping is an instinctive reaction to promote the welfare of those genetically similar to us. This is known as __ psychology
Evolutionary
The rewards of helping often outweigh the costs, so helping is in our self-interest. This is known as __
Social exchange theory
Under some conditions, powerful feelings of empathy for others prompt selfless giving. This is known as __
Empathy-altruism hypothesis
What did studies find on people with high scores on personality tests of altruism?
They are not much more likely to help than those with lower scores. We need to consider situational pressures that are affecting people, their gender, the culture in which they grew up, and their current mood
What did Piff and colleagues find in their studies conducted on poor people and prosocial behavior?
The people who are of lower socioeconomic status (SES) gave more of the money they earned during an experiment to their partner in the experiment, and were more likely to help their partner in an experiment complete his or her tasks. *They conclude that people who have a lower SES are more concerned with the needs of others than those who have a higher SES
__ is the group with which an individual identifies, and of which he or she feels a member
In-group
__ is a group with which the individual does not identify
Out-group Pg. 322
Similarity effects seem to be strongest in __ cultures
Individualistic
