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social ps > Exam 3 - Ch. 9 and 10 > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Ch. 9 and 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Which need is the most important in terms of fundamental human needs?

A

The need to love and be loved

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2
Q

Which people are most likely to become your friends and lovers?

A

The people who by chance you see and interact with most often

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3
Q

What is the propinquity effect?

A

The finding that the more we see and interact with people, the more likely they are to become our friends

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4
Q

What did Festinger and colleagues (1950) demonstrate in their study on propinquity effect?

A

That attraction and propinquity rely not only on actual physical distance, but also on the more psychological, functional distance

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5
Q

What is functional distance?

A

Certain aspects of architectural design that make it likely that some people will come into contact with each other more often than with others

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6
Q

Which residents in apartments had more friends than others?

A

Residents in 1 and 5 and throughout the complex had more friends upstairs than did dwellers in the other first-floor apartments

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7
Q

What is the mere exposure effect?

A

The finding that the more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more apt we are to like it

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8
Q

__ leads to attraction regardless of whether interactions are face-to-face or online

A

Familiarity

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9
Q

Moreland and Scott Beach (1992) conducted a study where at the end of the semester, students in the class were shown slides of women, whom they rated on several measures of liking and attraction. What did they find out?

A

Mere exposure had a definite effect on liking. Even though they had never interacted, the more often the students had seen the women in class, the more they like them

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10
Q

When would the mere exposure effect backfire?

A

If our feelings toward someone are negative and the more exposure you have to him or her, the greater your dislike is towards them

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11
Q

What did McKenna and colleagues (2002) find when conducting a study about forming relationships online?

A

People report being more comfortable revealing their “true” self to a partner over the internet compared with a face-to-face interaction, and they found that participants also report more liking for an internet partner than a partner they met in person - even when unbeknownst to them, it was actually the same person

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12
Q

What is the “richer get richer” hypothesis?

A

People who are extroverted and have good social skills use the internet as another way of acquiring more friends, although other studies have shown that online friendships are more likely to be formed by lonely, introverted people who may lack the social skills required to form relationships in person

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13
Q

A study has shown that __ had better friendship quality if they engaged in online chatting and __ support for the “rich get richer” hypothesis among __

A

Boys (i.e., socially anxious boys); girls

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14
Q

__ relationships may form more quickly and become intimate sooner than __ relationships. However, early research shows that these relationships can fizzle just as quickly as they started up

A

Online; offline

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15
Q

While there is still much to be learned about internet relationships, data suggests that because of computers, __ may soon no longer be a prerequisite for the formation of relationships

A

Propinquity

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16
Q

__ is the attraction to people who are like us

A

Similarity

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17
Q

__ is the attraction to people who are opposite to us

A

Complementarity

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18
Q

What is prosocial behavior?

A

Any act per formed with the goal of benefitting another person

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19
Q

What is altruism?

A

The desire to help others, even if it involves a cost to the helper

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20
Q

What is kin selection?

A

The idea that behavior that helps a genetic relative is favored by natural selection

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21
Q

What is the norm of reciprocity?

A

The expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future

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22
Q

In short, people are genetically programmed to learn social norms, and one of these norms is __

A

Altruism

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23
Q

What is empathy?

A

The ability to experience events and emotions (e.g., joy, sadness) the way another person experiences them

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24
Q

__, is the idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help him or her purely for altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain

A

Empathy-altruism hypothesis

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25
What does social exchange theory argue?
Much of what we do stems from the desire to maximize our rewards and minimize our costs
26
Under what conditions did people agree to help Carol with the work she missed in psychology class?
When empathy was high, people helped regardless of the costs and rewards (i.e., regardless if they would encounter her in class). When empathy was low, people were more concerned with the rewards and costs for them - they helped only if they would encounter Carol in class and thus feel guilty about not helping
27
Helping is an instinctive reaction to promote the welfare of those genetically similar to us. This is known as __ psychology
Evolutionary
28
The rewards of helping often outweigh the costs, so helping is in our self-interest. This is known as __
Social exchange theory
29
Under some conditions, powerful feelings of empathy for others prompt selfless giving. This is known as __
Empathy-altruism hypothesis
30
What did studies find on people with high scores on personality tests of altruism?
They are not much more likely to help than those with lower scores. We need to consider situational pressures that are affecting people, their gender, the culture in which they grew up, and their current mood
31
What did Piff and colleagues find in their studies conducted on poor people and prosocial behavior?
The people who are of lower socioeconomic status (SES) gave more of the money they earned during an experiment to their partner in the experiment, and were more likely to help their partner in an experiment complete his or her tasks. *They conclude that people who have a lower SES are more concerned with the needs of others than those who have a higher SES
32
__ is the group with which an individual identifies, and of which he or she feels a member
In-group
33
__ is a group with which the individual does not identify
Out-group Pg. 322
34
Similarity effects seem to be strongest in __ cultures
Individualistic
35
Recent research conducted with students at Brock University and at the University of Calgary found that similarity effects are most likely to be found for traits that are related to one's __
Value system | i.e. honesty
36
In a study conducted with adolescents living in Montreal, it was found that similarity in personality was strongest for __
Reciprocated friendship pairs | i.e. the friendship is mutual
37
Why is similarity so important in attraction?
- We tend to think that people who are similar to us will be inclined to like us - People who are similar provide us with important social validation for our characteristics and beliefs (they provide us with the feeling that we are right in our views and our thinking) - Rewards-of-interaction explanation offers another reason for why similarity leads to attraction (if a person feels the same way we do on important issues, we assume it would be enjoyable to spend time with him or her)
38
The more attracted we are to someone, the more:
Similar we assume that person is to us
39
What did the Kitchener-Waterloo study on students in dating relationships and married couples reveal?
They overestimated the degree of similarity between themselves and their partner; the greater the similarity they perceived, the more understood they felt by their partner. Feelings of understanding predicted relationship satisfaction
40
In a meta analysis, Montoya and colleagues found what in long-term relationships?
"Perceived" similarity predicted liking and attraction better than "actual" similarity did. Thus, feeling similar to another is so important that we will create beliefs about the similarity between ourselves and intimate others, believing such similarities exist even when they don't
41
What is reciprocal liking?
When you like someone and that person also likes you
42
People with negative __ tend to be skeptical about others actually liking them and therefore do not necessarily reciprocate liking
Self-concepts
43
Which characteristic did most people determine whether they liked each of their dates (Walster Hatfield, 752 students for a blind date at a dance study)?
Physical attractiveness - Also there was no great difference between men and women on this score - WHICH MEANS BOTH SEXES ARE EQUALLY SHALLOW!!!!!!!!!!
44
Why does the Walster Hatfield, 752 students on a blind date at a dance study propose perplexing issues?
When people are asked about the qualities they desire in a dating partner or mate, physical attractiveness is not at the top of the list; yet when it comes to people's actual behavior (what people do rather than say), appearance seems to be the only thing that matters
45
Geldart (2008) found that for tall people, a face with a __ forehead and __ chin was considered most attractive, whereas short people had the opposite effect
Larger; smaller
46
Authors suggest that heterosexual women are attracted to masculine men because:
Male hormones are markers of reproductive fitness | i.e. sperm quality, dominance / competitiveness
47
Recent studies have documented that good-looking people earn __ to __ percent more than their less good-looking counterparts (French, 2002)
10; 15
48
A study conducted at the University of British Colombia found that people attribute more positive qualities to physically attractive people than to less attractive people after __ minutes of interaction
3
49
Does the "what is beautiful is good" stereotype operate across cultures?
yeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
50
In Canada and the United States, the "beautiful" stereotype includes traits that are valued in individualistic cultures such as __ and __, and in South Korea, the stereotype includes traits that are valued in collectivist cultures such as __ and __
Strong; dominant | Honest; empathetic
51
The process whereby people make mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do, is known as __
Misattribution of Arousal
52
What are the four major determinants of attraction:
Propinquity, similarity, reciprocal liking, and physical attractiveness
53
What is companionate love?
The feelings of intimacy and affection we feel toward someone with whom our lives are deeply intertwined
54
__, is known as the feelings of intense longing, accompanied by physiological arousal, we feel for another person; when our love is reciprocated, we feel great fulfillment and ecstasy, but, when it is not, we feel sadness and despair
Passionate love
55
Researchers found two specific areas deep within the brain that were activated when they looked at the photograph of their acquaintance:
- Ventral tegmental area (VTA) | - Caudate nucleus
56
VTA is a major "__" and "__" centre of the brain, as is the caudate nucleus
Reward; motivation
57
What are some companionate features, what are some passionate features?
Companionate: Warmth, intimacy, caring Passionate: heart rate increases, sexual attraction, thinking about the other person all the time
58
Participants reported that they relied on the level of __ love, rather than the level of __ love, when deciding whether a relationship was progressing or deteriorating
Companionate; passionate
59
Are men or women more likely to report having experienced love at first sight?
Men
60
Men gave higher ratings to __ love than did women, and women gave higher rating to __ love than did men
Romantic/passionate; companionate
61
Romantic love has __ value in collectivist societies than in individualistic societies
Less
62
What is the evolutionary approach?
Men and women are attracted to different characteristics in each other - men are attracted by women's appearance; women are attracted by men's resources - because this maximizes their reproductive success
63
What preferences do men and women have when picking their spouses (in terms of age)?
Men prefer spouses who are younger than they are (youth indicating greater reproductive fitness), while women prefer spouses around their own age
64
When women are most __, they find masculine-looking men most attractive - more so than they do when they are in a low part of their cycle
Fertile
65
What did the study on photographs and casual sex reveal about men and women's interpretations of attractiveness?
- Men and women believed that the more attractive photo of the woman were not open to casual sex - Men who were open to casual sex were not rated as more attractive but were rated as more masculine looking than the men who were not open to casual sex
66
What is the attachment theory?
The theory that our behavior in adult relationships is based on our experiences as infants with our parents or caregivers
67
What are attachment styles?
The expectations people develop about relationships with others based on the relationship they had with their primary caregiver when they were infants
68
What is the secure attachment style?
An attachment style characterized by trust, a lack of concern with being abandoned, and the view that one is worthy and well liked
69
What is the avoidant attachment style?
An attachment style characterized by a suppression of attachment needs, because attempts to be intimate have been rebuffed; people with this style find it difficult to develop intimate relationships
70
What is the anxious/ambivalent attachment style?
An attachment style characterized by a concern that others will not reciprocate one's desire for intimacy, resulting in higher-than-average levels of anxiety
71
__ people are desperate to be in a relationship, but at the same time, are terrified of rejection. On the other hand, __ people are not very motivated to form relationships
Anxious; avoidant
72
In a study researching a sample of French Canadians and married couples; when difficulties arose, which participants used which strategies? Secure participants: Avoidant participants: Anxious participants:
Secure: Active task-centred coping strategies that were aimed at solving problems (associated with marital well-being) Avoidant: Passive, avoidant strategies Anxious: Passive, emotion-focused coping strategies (associated with marital distress)
73
What is the fearful avoidant style?
A type of avoidant attachment in which close relationships are avoided because of mistrust and fears of being hurt
74
What is the dismissive avoidant style?
A type of avoidant attachment in which the person is self-sufficient and claims not to need close relationships
75
Research has shown that people with a __ style have a negative view of themselves and of other people, whereas people with a __ style have a positive view of themselves but a negative view of others
Fearful avoidant; | Dismissive avoidant
76
People with a __ style also report greater distress when a romantic relationship ends than do those with a __ style
Fearful; dismissive
77
Your attachment style is shaped by your __
Environment, caregivers as a child, and the friends and romantic partners with whom you interact as an adult
78
The presence of a particular __ allele pattern was significantly related to attachment anxiety, a particular __ allele pattern was significantly related to attachment avoidance
Dopamine; serotonin
79
A person's __ may predispose him or her to a specific attachment style, which will then be further affected, one way or the other, by influences in the environment
Genotype
80
One's genes account for __ to __ percent of the anxious and avoidant styles, with one's environment accounting for the rest
25; 45
81
According to evolutionary theories and attachment theory, why do we love?
Evolutionary: We love to increase our chances of reproduction, thereby ensuring the survival of our species Attachment: We learned lessons about how worthy we are of love from our primary caregiver, and those lessons determine whether we seek loving relationships as well as the quality of those relationships
82
What is the in-group, and outgroup?
In-group: The group of which an individual identifies, and of which he or she feels a member Out-group: A group with which the individual does not identify
83
What is the Negative-State Relief Hypothesis?
The idea that people help in order to alleviate their own sadness and distress
84
__, are aspects of a person's makeup that cause him or her to help others in a wide variety of situations
Altruistic personality
85
People in interdependent cultures are __ likely to help members of out-groups than are people in individualist cultures
Less
86
People are more likely to help others after:
Doing well on a test, receiving a gift, when they are thinking happy thoughts, or listening to pleasant music

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