Exam 3 (Ch. 8, 11, 12,13) Flashcards
Dependency needs
Vital needs for mothering, love, affection, shelter, protection, security, food, and warmth. May be a manifestation of regression when they reappear excessively in adults.
Dependent personality disorder
Characterized by an excessive need to be taken care of, resulting in submission and clinging behavior and fears of separation. Manifestations may include excessive need for advice and reassurance about everyday decisions, encouragement of others to assume responsibility for major areas of his or her life, inability to express disagreement because of possible anger or lack of support from others, and preoccupation with fears of being left to take care of himself or herself.
Depression
Feelings of sadness, despair, and discouragement.
Deprivation, emotional
Lack of adequate and appropriate interpersonal and/or environmental experience, usually in the early developmental years.
Dyad
A two-person relationship, such as the therapeutic relationship between doctor and patient in individual psychotherapy.
Echolalia
Parrot-like repetition of overheard words or fragments of speech. It may be a symptom of a developmental disorder, a neurological disorder, or schizophrenia. Echolalia tends to be a repetitive and persistent and is often uttered with a mocking, mumbling, or staccato intonation.
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
The use of electric current with anesthetics and muscle relaxants to induce convulsive seizures. It is most effective in the treatment of depression.
Elopement
A patient’s unauthorized departure from a psychiatric facility.
Empathy
Insightful awareness of the meaning and significance of the feelings, emotions, and behavior of another person.
Play therapy
A treatment technique using the child’s play as a medium for expression and communication between patient and therapist.
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
An anxiety disorder in which exposure to an exceptional mental or physical stressor is followed, sometimes immediately and sometimes not until 6 months or more after the stress, by persistent reexperiencing of the event, avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma or numbing of general responsiveness, and manifestations of hyperarousal.
Projection
A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, in which an individual attributes to another person an unacceptable thought, feeling, or attribute, such as an aggressive or sexual impulse, that in fact is his or her own.
Withdrawal
The cessation or significant reduction of use of a chemical substance in a person with a pattern of heavy or prolonged use of that substance. Symptoms tend to be specific for each substance.
Psychotropic
“Mind changing” - drugs that alter or change the way the mind works
Antipsychotic drugs
Conventional neuroleptics (first generation)
Second-generation neuroleptics
Third-generation neuroleptics
Major side effects: Antipsychotic drugs
Tardive dyskinesia (TD): involuntary movements of the face, trunk, and extremities
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS): rigidity, catatonia
Metabolic syndrome
Agranulocytosis: fatal unless caught early
Elevated liver enzymes
6 major drug categories
Antipsychotic Antiparkinsonian Antidepressant Antimanic Antianxiety Psychostimulants
Major side effects: Antiparkinsonian drugs
Cardiac symptoms
Major side effects: Antidepressant drugs
Arrythmia, seizures, urinary retention, postural hypotension, constipation
Central serotonin syndrome: confusion, agitation, sweating, shivering, tremor, jerky movements (myoclonus), fever, diarrhea
Increased risk of suicidal tendencies, especially in children and adolescents
Priapism (painful, long-lasting erection)
Tyramine reaction: sweating, palpitations, headache, increase in blood pressure
Postural hypotension, vomiting, nausea, vomiting, weakness
Major side effects: Antimanic (mood stablizing) drugs
Toxic reaction: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, confusion, slurred speech
Aplastic anemia
Liver toxicity
Severe, potentially fatal skin rash
Psychosurgery
Prefrontal lobotomy
Once believed to relieve mental symptoms
Often left patient with impaired judgment and a complete lack of motivation
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)
Originally approved to treat seizures
A stimulator is implanted in the chest to stimulate the vagus nerve, a part of the autonomic nervous system
Herbal supplements
Kava kava (root): anxiety
St. John’s Wort (herb): depression
SAMe (occurs naturally in brain): depression
Valerian (herb): insomnia
Therapeutic use of self
Being aware of oneself and of the patient and being able to control what one communicates
A trusting connection and rapport established between therapist and client through collaboration, communication, therapist empathy, and mutual respect
Therapeutic relationship vs. Friendship
Friendship: each person expects something from the other; both people are responsible for making sure the relationship is rewarding and mutually satisfying
Therapeutic relationship: patient expects to receive help, therapist expects to give it, neither expects the help to be returned; therapist is responsible for developing and maintaining a good relationship with the patient
Stages in a therapeutic relationship
1) development of rapport
2) development of a working relationship
3) maintenance of a working relationship through goal achievement
Therapeutic qualities
Empathy, sensitivity, respect, warmth, genuineness, self-disclosure, specificity, immediacy
ALOR
Acronym for processing feedback: Ask Listen Observe Reflect
Communication techniques
Make initial contacts brief Choose words carefully Be comfortable with silence Encourage by minimal response Listen and observe Summarize and focus Ask for clarification Follow through on promises
Universal precautions
Set of procedures recommended by various governmental and health agencies to prevent the spread of infection
Hand washing
The most effective method of disease prevention
Protective barriers
Primarily gloves, adhesive bandages should be used to cover tiny cuts at all times and changed whenever hands are washed
Infection control in common areas
Wash and disinfect surfaces daily and any time contamination is suspected
Maintain adequate supply of cleaning products
Disposable gloves, utility gloves, adhesive bandages, first aid kit
No sharing of personal hygiene items
Controlling the environment
1) Keep track of your keys
2) Make sure restricted items are not taken into inpatient wards
3) Have everything ready before patients arrive
4) Use shatterproof mirrors
5) Use good judgment about who comes to OT
6) Organize tool and supply cabinets to permit a fast, accurate count of all potentially dangerous items
7) Alert consumers to potential dangers in activities
8) Follow safety precautions for toxins
9) Know and use proper safety equipment
10) Observe the local fire code
11) Pay attention to the condition of the floor
12) Eliminate electrical hazards
13) Observe food safety guidelines and fire safety precautions in the kitchen
14) Apply techniques for proper positioning, energy conservation, and work simplification, and teach them to consumers
15) Provide increased structure for those functioning at lower cognitive levels
Medical emergencies
Fainting, seizures, bleeding, burns, minor cuts, strains/sprains/bruises/contusions (RICE: rest, ice, compression, elevation)
Psychiatric emergencies
Suicide, assault, elopement
Minnesota Vulnerable Adults Act (1980)
Protects vulnerable adults from abuse and neglect
Bright Light Therapy (BLT)
Uses timed exposure to ultraviolet filtered light (similar to sunlight) to treat depression
Group
3+ people who are together for some period to accomplish a common goal or share a common purpose
Group treatment
Planned process for creating changes in individuals by bringing them together for this purpose; cost effective
Group cohesiveness
The sense of solidarity the members feel toward each other and the group; it is based on a sense of closeness and identification with each other or with the group itself.
Can be encouraged by adjusting the length/frequency of meetings and by enhancing perceptions of intermember similarity.
Instillation of hope
Increased sense of hopefulness from seeing other group members improve
Universality
Provides a shared experience as the person learns that others are in the same boat
Group goals
The purposes for which the group meets
Group norms
The rules or standards for behavior that are expected in the group
Group dynamics
Expresses the constantly evolving, never static quality of groups
Group interaction skill
The ability to be a productive member of a variety of primary groups
Parallel level
The ability to work an play in the presence of others, comfortably and with an awareness of their presence
Project level
The ability to share a short-term task with one or two other people
Egocentric-cooperative level
Awareness of the group’s goals and norms and willingness to abide by them
Cooperative level
The ability to express feelings within a group and to be aware of and respond to the feelings of others
Mature level
The ability to take on a variety of group roles, both task roles and group maintenance roles, as needed in response to changing conditions in a group
