Exam 3 CH 46

Question 1

Know what diabetes type 1 is and what causes it.

Answer 1

Characterized by the absence of endogenous insulin. An autoimmune process, possibly triggered by a viral infection, causes destruction of the beta cells, the development of insulin antibodies, and the production of islet cell antibodies (ICAs). Affected people require exogenous insulin for the rest of their lives.

Question 2

Know what diabetes type II is and what causes it.

Answer 2

Characterized by inadequate endogenous insulin and the body’s inability to properly use insulin.

Question 3

Know why a pt w type I DM would experience hunger, even though the pt is eating large amounts of food.

Answer 3

Because most cells are not able to use glucose w out insulin, stored fat is broken down in an effort to provide fuel for heat and energy. Tissue breakdown and loss of lean body mass send hunger signals to the hypothalamus. The pt experiences excessive hunger (polyphagia).

Question 4

Know why a pt w DM type I, is at risk for cardiovascular disorders.

Answer 4

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Question 5

Know how/why “Hyperglycemia” occurs in a diabetic, r/t glycogen stores.

Answer 5

When insulin secretion is inadequate, glycogen is converted to glucose in an attempt to nourish glucose-starved tissues; yet hyperglycemia occurs because cells cannot use the glucose.

Question 6

Know how a Nurse would respond to ta pt w diabetes, who is having difficulty coping w the disease.

Answer 6

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Question 7

Know what a Hemoglobin A1c is and what it measures.

Answer 7

Reflects glucose levels over the past few months. The American Diabetes Association recommends an HbA1c level less than 7% as a tx goal–or as close to normal as possible w out risking hypoglycemia.

Question 8

Know what a Nurse should do if a pt has low fasting blood sugar at 0600.

Answer 8

Give pt 4-6 oz of orange juice.

Question 9

Know what “diabetic ketoacidosis” is and what it results in.

Answer 9

DKA is a life-threatening emergency caused by a relative deficiency or absolute deficiency in addition to elevated counter regulatory hormones. This results in disorders in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The three main problems are dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and acidosis.

Question 10

If a pt is admitted to a hospital w diabetic ketoacidosis, know what the pt’s vital signs would show.

Answer 10

tachycardia, increased respirations, hypothermia.