Exam 3: Cerebral Flashcards

1
Q

what is the three part assessment of the glasgow coma scale?

A

eyes, motor, verbal

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2
Q

scoring of glasgow coma scale?

A

score of 15-great, unaltered LOC

score of 3- lowest, vegetative state

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3
Q

what are some clinical manifestations of ICP in babies?

A

poor feeds, irritability, sun-setting eyes, shrill cry, tense fontanels, macewen sign

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4
Q

what is macewen sign?

A

percussion of fontanels and getting cracked pot (resonant) sound may indicate separated sutures, or increased pressure

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5
Q

CM of ICP in children?

A

Headache

Vomiting, with or without nausea

Seizures

Diplopia, blurred vision

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6
Q

late signs of ICP?

A

-cheyyene-stokes breathing
-bradycardia
-papilledema
flexion/extension posturing

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7
Q

emergency management of child with ICP?

A

airway management
reduction of ICP
treatment of shock

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8
Q

pain therapy meds for ICP?

A

opioids, fentanyl, midozalam, acetaminiphen, codeine

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9
Q

ICP monitoring indications

A

glasgow coma scale< or = 8

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10
Q

Most common brain malformation
Bridge connecting 2 hemispheres of brain partially or completely missing
Normal intelligence with mild learning differences to severe mental retardation

A

agenesis

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11
Q

Head circumference 2 standard deviations below normal
Down’s, chromosomal abnormalities
Maternal substance abuse/viral exposure
Cognitive, motor, speech delays

A

microcephaly

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12
Q

Commonly associated with myelomeningocele

May not be apparent at birth

May appear after primary closure of defect

Results from disturbances in dynamics of CSF

A

HIDROCEPHALUS

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13
Q

Non-obstructive

Impaired absorption of CSF within subarachnoid space

Venous drainage insufficiency

Over production of CSF (rare)

Malfunction of arachnoid villi

A

communicating hydroceph

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14
Q

Obstructive

CSF flow through ventricular system is prevented

Most cases a result of developmental malformations

Other causes: neoplasms, infections, trauma

A

non-communicating hydroceph.

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15
Q

Hydrocephalus: Monitoring

A

head circ
ultrasound monitoring-ventricle size
fontanel tension

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16
Q

initial treatment of hydroceph

A

shunt, getting extra csf removed

17
Q

Most common diagnosed neoplasm in infants

A

neoblastoma

18
Q

neoblastoma: Primary sites

A

Abdomen, adrenal gland, chest or neck

19
Q

S/S of neoblastoma

A

noted on palpation, incidental finding on radiograph, swelling/bruising around eyes

20
Q

Acute inflammation of CNS
Decreased incidence following use of Hib vaccine
Can be caused by various bacterial agents:
Streptococcus pneumoniae
β-Hemolytic streptococci
Escherichia coli

A

bacterial meningitis

21
Q

how is transmition of bacterial meningitis?

A

Droplet infection from nasopharyngeal secretions

22
Q

definitive diagnostic test for bacterial meningitis?

A

lumbar test

23
Q

nursing management for meningitis?

A
Droplet precautions
Supportive Care
Antibiotics
Hydration
Nutrition
24
Q

Inflammatory process of CNS with altered function of brain & spinal cord

Variety of causative organisms:
viral most frequent

A

encaphilitis

25
Q

Vector reservoir in United States for encephilitis

A

ticks and mosquitos

26
Q

Clinical Manifestation of Severe Encephalitis

A

High fever

Disorientation, stupor, coma

Seizures, spasticity

Ocular palsies

Paralysis

27
Q

Toxic encephalopathy associated with other characteristic organ involvement

Characterized by fever, profoundly impaired consciousness, and disordered hepatic function

A

reye’s syndrome

28
Q

Potential association between aspirin therapy for fever and development

A

reye syndrome

29
Q

diagnosis of reye syndrome

A

Liver biopsy

Liver enzymes, ammonia level, coag. studies

30
Q

patient teaching for someone with reye’s

A

no use of ASA for anyone under age of 19

31
Q

Malfunction of brain’s electrical system
Determined by site of origin
Most common neurologic dysfunctionin children
Occur with wide variety of CNS conditions

A

seizures

32
Q

Cryptogenic seizures

A

no clear cause

33
Q

Sudden momentary loss of muscle tone
Sudden fall to ground, often on face
Onset usually age 2-5 years
May or may not have loss of consciousness
Loss of awareness
Less severe—head droops forward several times
Interferes with learning/schoolwork

A

atonic

34
Q

Sudden brief contractions of muscle group
May be single or repetitive
No loss of consciousness
Often occur with falling asleep
May be nonspecific symptom in many CNS disorders

A

myoclinic

35
Q

meds for seizure child

A

ativan, valium, diastat gel

36
Q

seizure lasting >30 minutes
or
series of seizures without regaining premorbid level of consciousness

A

status epilepticus

37
Q

Transient disorder of childhood
Affect approximately 3% of children
Usually occur between ages 6 months and 3 years
Rare after age 5 years
Usually occur with temperatures > 101.8° F

A

transient

38
Q

treatment of febrile seizures

A
Fever reduction
Seizure control if ongoing
Diazepam (IV or rectal)
Evaluate history (episodic and family)
Management:
Avoid tepid baths—usually ineffective
Antipyretics ineffective as preventive
Protect child from injury during seizure
Call 911 if seizure >5 minutes duration