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BISC 220 > Exam 3 | Cardiovascular 1 > Flashcards

Exam 3 | Cardiovascular 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Characteristics of Life?

A

sense & respond to external stimuli

adapt to and alter the environment

contain materials found only in living organisms like proteins and macromolecules

Use energy

maintain homeostasis

be able to reproduce

have a high degree of organization

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2
Q

What is the hierarchy of organization?

A

atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

applies to all organisms including plants

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3
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

refers to the mechanism by which the internal state of an organism remains stable or constant

Homeostasis is typically maintained in an unconscious manner but can also be maintained in a conscious manner

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4
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

When signaling pathways within the body that result in the deregulation of the initial pathway when a certain threshold is reached

For example: if the temperature in the room is higher than the thermostat, cool air will turn on until the room reaches the thermostat temp

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5
Q

What is a positive feedback loop?

A

Not used to maintain homeostasis but rather a response is made to amplify rather than regulate.

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6
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A

to supply oxygenated blood to the entire body while recycling deoxygenated blood

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7
Q

What is the pulmonary loop?

A

it circulates blood between the heart and lungs

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8
Q

What is the systemic loop?

A

circulates blood between the heart and the rest of the body

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9
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

it sits in the center of the thoracic cavity and is surrounded by pericardium

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10
Q

What are the 3 layers of tissue surrounding the heart? (put them from superficial to deep)

A

Epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the epicardium?

A

Technically part of the pericardium; comprises the inner serous membrane, sometimes known as the parietal layer

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the myocardium?

A

contracts (muscles) to pump the heart; striated and involuntary

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the endocardium?

A

makes up internal structures of the heart including valves

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14
Q

Describe the chambers of the heart.

A

There are 4 chambers of the heart: 2 atria (small, thinly-lined) and 2 ventricles (large and have a thick muscular wall)

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the left atrium?

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, then holds this blood before sending it to the left ventricle which is then pumped to the rest of the body

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the right atrium?

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body, then holds this blood before sending it to the right ventricle which then pumps blood to the lungs

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17
Q

What is the order of blood flow through the heart?

A
  1. Deoxygenated blood flows through superior vena cava to the right atrium
  2. Blood then flows to right ventricle via tricuspid (AV) valve
  3. Blood is then pumped through the pulmonary semilunarvalve
  4. Blood then flows to the lungs via the pulmonary artery
  5. oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein to enter the left atrium
  6. This blood then flows to the left ventricle via the mitral valve
  7. Blood is then pumped through the aortic semilunar valve
  8. Blood then flows to the rest of the body via the aorta
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18
Q

How does blood flow through the body?

A

Blood flow is unidirectional so it starts in the atria and terminating in the ventricles

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19
Q

How is backward blood flow prevented?

A

Through the presence of valves; particularly in the veins to avoid backwards flow due to the force of gravity

These valves work as a one-way door

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20
Q

What is the sound of a heart beat from?

A

The closing of the valves produces an audible sound

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21
Q

What are the valves connecting to the atria and ventricles called?

A

atrioventricular (AV) valves

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22
Q

What are the right and left AV valves called?

A

The right one is called the tricuspid valve

The left one is the bicuspid (mitral) valve

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23
Q

What are the valves connecting the ventricles to the arteries called?

A

Semilunar valves

24
Q

What are the right and left semilunar valves called?

A

The right is called the pulmonary semilunar valve

The left is called the aortic semilunar valve

25
Q

When a doctor listens to your heart, where are they placing the stethoscope and what are they hearing?

A
  1. Aortic component of the second heart sound (right upper lung)
  2. Pulmonary artery component of second heart sound (left upper lung)
  3. bicuspid component of first heart sound (left lower lung)
  4. tricuspid component of first heart sound (right lower lung)
26
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

it is the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle and it has 2 phases.

27
Q

What are the phases of the cardiac cycle?

A

The systolic phase and the diastolic phase

28
Q

What happens during the systolic phase?

A

occurs when the heart contracts, emptying the four chambers

Atrial systole occurs first (atria releases blood to ventricles)

Ventricular systole occurs second (ventricles release blood to the arteries)

29
Q

What happens in the diastolic phase?

A

occurs when the heart relaxes, refilling the four chambers

30
Q

What is a sphygomanometer?

A

It is a pressurized cuff placed on the left, upper arm of the patient while the stethoscope bell is positioned at the junction of the brachial artery.

The cuff is inflated causing blood to flow through brachial artery to be temporarily stopped

Used before digital blood pressure readers

31
Q

During a measure of blood pressure, what do clinicians hear?

A

If they can hear the pulse, that is systolic pressure

If they cannot hear the pulse, it is diastolic pressure

32
Q

How does the cardiac cycle impact blood pressure?

A

it causes it to change

The maximum (systolic) pressure occurs when the ventricles contract, while the minimum (diastolic) pressure occurs when the ventricles relax. Diastolic pressure is never zero, as there is always some pressure detected in the peripheral arteries

33
Q

What are korotkoff sounds?

A

Sounds heard via the stethoscope during manual blood pressure readings

The first sound detected after pressure is gradually released from cuff (systolic pressure)

The second sound detected after pressure is gradually released from cuff (diastolic pressure)

34
Q

What are the types of blood flow that provide the basis for measuring blood pressure?

A

Laminar flow and turbulent flow

35
Q

What is laminar flow?

A

smooth and uninterrupted flow of blood through vessels that does not produce sound

36
Q

What is turbulent flow?

A

interrupted or obstructed flow of blood through vessels that does produce sound

37
Q

What’s an example of a positive feedback loop?

A

The release of the posterior pituitary hormone Oxytocin during childbirth: as more Oxytocin is released, uterine contractions are stimulated to help move the labor process along, and the more Oxytocin released, the more these muscle contractions in the uterine wall are amplified.

38
Q

Throughout the average adult human’s lifespan, how many times will the heart contract?

A

The heart will contract 3 billion times

39
Q

What is the heart’s function?

A

The organ/muscle that pumps blood throughout the body.

40
Q

What is the purpose for blood vessels?

A

serve as the passageways for blood to reach the visceral organs and other peripheral structures

41
Q

Why are red blood cells important?

A

itself is essential for carrying oxygen (and removing toxins/ carbon dioxide) throughout the body through two broad loops (pulmonary and systemic)

42
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

a dual-layered tissue surrounding the heart consisting of an outer fibrous layer and an inner serous membrane

43
Q

What is the purpose of the left ventricle?

A

receives (oxygenated) blood from the left atrium, then pumps this blood throughout the body (to supply oxygen to the systemic organs).

44
Q

What is the purpose of the right ventricle?

A

receives (deoxygenated) blood from the right atrium, then pumps this blood to the lungs (to resupply the blood with oxygen and release carbon dioxide).

45
Q

How are pigs helpful in cardiovascular surgery?

A

Pioneering advances in cardiovascular surgery have made it possible to use pig valves in valve replacement surgeries, and further trials are being conducted to see whether other pig heart structures (or even an entire, genetically-modified pig’s heart) can be used in other cardiovascular surgical procedures.

46
Q

What causes the lub-dub sound when listening to the heart via stethoscope?

A

The “first sound” (“lub”) is produced from the pressure of blood against the AV valves as they close.

The “second sound” (“dub”) is produced from the pressure of blood against the semilunar valves as they close.

47
Q

Besides a stethoscope, how else can the heart be heard and visualized?

A

Echocardiograms allow physicians to check the structural integrity, rate of blood flow and listen to the sounds produced by the closing of the valves.

48
Q

What are heart murmurs and why do they occur?

A

Abnormal heart “sounds” can be indicative of potentially serious anatomical problems, and are often known as heart “murmurs”. They typically result from a “stutter” of the ventricles pumping blood slightly asynchronously. More often than not, heart murmurs are benign, particularly in children, who may exhibit them as the cardiac muscle continues to develop.

49
Q

What are the 2 sounds heard when using a sphygmomanometry?

A

the point at which the first sound is heard is the systolic pressure, and the point at which the second sound is heard is the diastolic pressure.

50
Q

What can change during the cardiac cycle?

A

Blood volume does not change during the cardiac cycle, the force with which the ventricles pump the blood through the arteries can vary and affect blood pressure in the downstream arteries.

51
Q

Where does the systolic pressure reading come from?

A

the pressure generated by the left ventricle pushing blood through the aortic semilunar valve

52
Q

Where does the diastolic pressure come from?

A

the force of the blood pushing on the internal walls of the four chambers when the heart is relaxed

53
Q

What is a healthy blood pressure range?

A

90 - 120 mmHg (systolic) and 60 - 80 mmHg (diastolic)

54
Q

High blood pressure (hypertension) is defined as

A

anything exceeding 140 mmHg (systolic) and 90 mmHg (diastolic).

55
Q

When does maximum systolic pressure occur? When does minimum diastolic pressure occur?

A

The maximum (systolic) pressure occurs when the ventricles contract, while the minimum (diastolic) pressure occurs when the ventricles relax.

56
Q

What is pulse pressure and how do you find it?

A

Pulse pressure, which represents the force the heart generates each time it contracts, simply subtract the diastolic pressure (DP) from the systolic pressure (SP), with the final number bearing the same units of millimeters Mercury (mmHg).

57
Q

What is the mean atrial pressure and how do you find it?

A

The mean arterial pressure (MAP), which is altered by cardiac activity and systemic vascular resistance (or the resistance in the systemic blood vessels), is the weighted average of pulse pressure. The MAP can be estimated as diastolic pressure (DP) + (PP/3).

BISC 220 (12 decks)

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