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BIO 111 > Exam 3 Bio 111 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Bio 111 Flashcards

1
Q

direct cell-to-cell contact

A

communicate via gap junction or surface receptors

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2
Q

autocrine signaling

A

cell signaling to itself

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3
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

cell signaling to nearby cells

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4
Q

Endocrine signaling

A

systemic signaling via hormones and
circulatory system

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5
Q

Synaptic signaling

A

chemical signals released by neurons
across a gap (the synapse) to a target cell

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6
Q

cytoplasmic receptor
(where, how is it set off)

A

intracellular space
hydrophobic hormone (steroid) or small molecules that passes through PM

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7
Q

membrane receptor
(where, how is it set off)

A

cell surface
may use 2nd messenger (intracellular signal)

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8
Q

membrane receptor: channel-linked

A

in nerve synapse
ligand binds -> channel opens

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9
Q

membrane receptor: enzymatic (catalytic) receptor

A

internal portion is protein tyrosine kinase
adds PO4 to AA, often autophosphorylates to activate receptor

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10
Q

Membrane Receptor: G-protein-couples receptors

A

interacts with G-proteins
binds with GTP(active)/GDP(inactive)

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11
Q

Protostome or Deuterostome?
Tunicate

A

Deuterostome

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12
Q

Protostome or Deuterostome?
sea urchin

A

Deuterostome

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13
Q

Protostome or Deuterostome?
earthworm

A

Protostome

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14
Q

Structures that give rise to the eye were derived from embryonic ____

A

ectoderm

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15
Q

Zika virus
(it infects ___ and ___, it blocks ___)

A

It may infect placental cells.
It may block the cell cycle in neurons.
It may infect neuronal precursor cells

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16
Q

troponin…

A

shifts tropomyosin that is covering myosin binding sites on actin

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17
Q

morula

A

solid ball of cells

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18
Q

blastula

A

hollow ball/disc of cells

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19
Q

gastrulation

A

germ layer differentiation

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20
Q

neurulation

A

formation of neural tube from ectoderm

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21
Q

Chordate characteristics

A

single hollow nerve cord
notochord
pharyngeal slits
postanal tail
segmentation

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22
Q

Microcephaly

A

head and brain significantly smaller
correlated with Zika virus in pregnant women

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23
Q

zika virus (what it is, what it does)

A

RNA flavirus
early embryonic infections cause development arrest and miscarriage
highest risk of defects in first trimester
CNS more prone than PNS
changes methylation of genes involved with immune response and neural development
destroys cells in brain that will develop into glial cells

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24
Q

zika virus entrance points

A

sexually transmitted via semen and blood
enters placental cells
enters chorionic villus and amniotic cells
may enter AXL protein receptor to enter neurons

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25
aedas aegypti
mosquito that transmits Zika virus and dengue and yellow fevers non native to US found on all continents except Antarctica eggs resistant to desiccation (drying out)
26
congenital zika syndrome
skull partially collapsed decreased brain tissue brain damage and subcortical calcifications eye damage deaf hypertonia (rigid muscles) infects immature neurons
27
Spina Bifida
split spine bones that form backbone don't develop properly
28
spacial pattern is present before...
fertilization
29
Actionomyosin D
inhibitor of RNA Poly. 2 inhibits mRNA synthesis
30
When do eggs rely on their own mRNA and protein instead of maternal mRNA?
midway through blastula stage
31
Balbani Bodies
aggregate of organelles remain next to nucleus in tangle of amyloid protein traffic molecules to vegetal pole at oogenesis
32
what protein determines A-P in insects
bicoid mRNA concentrated at anterior pole
33
shh vertebrate morphogen
sonic hedge hog secreted by notochord cells directs neurons to form neural tube regulates transcription factors that guide neuron development involved in limb development
34
gene hierarchy for development
maternal-gradients zygotic-segments homeotic-segment fate
35
induction
cell affects fate of other cell lens formation-eye vesicles contacts ectoderm and induces lens formation
36
AMD cause
age related macular degeneration wet-blood vessels leak dry-cellular debris accumulates in macula, retinal pigment epithelial cells start to die
37
AMD treatment
treat using scaffold containing patients own induced pluripotent stem cells human embryonic stem cells successfully treated
38
ALS (name, what is it, results, what could cause it)
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis motor neuron disease-progressive loss of motor neurons in spinal cord, brainstem, and motor cortex eventual paralysis and nerve cell death mutated glial cells may secrete poison to cause this (PolyP)
39
CNS developed from ___
neural tube
40
PNS or CNS? sensory neruon
PNS
41
PNS or CNS? interneurons
CNS
42
PNS or CNS? motor neurons
PNS
43
at resting potential, cell are impermeable to _ and permeable to_
Imp: Na+ Cl- proteins P: K+ (bc open channels)
44
voltage gated channels are concentrated in ___
unmyelinated regions of the axon
45
chemically gated channels are on___
the dendrites that the ligand (neurotransmitter) binds to
46
Na+ gates (fast/slow, closed/open)
Ac: fast on extracellular side, closed at resting Inac: slow on intracellular side, open at resting
47
K+ gate (fast/slow, closed/open) because it is slow, it causes ____
slow activation gate closed at resting causes hyperpolarization
48
Ca++ gate
activation on intracellular side closed at resting
49
strong depolarization stimulus opens ___ channels, causing a AP
Na+
50
AP direction
cell body -> axon terminal
51
what is the axon hillock
thickened base of axon
52
refractory period
unable to respond to 2nd potential for short period of time hyperpolarization
53
during AP, voltage changes from -70 to ___
+50mV
54
during AP, what binds to receptors on dendrite?
excitatory and inhibitory ligands that will affect membrane potential
55
diffusion of ions across neuron membrane occurs because ____
voltage gated channels change shape
56
Sodium channels are ___ gated
voltage
57
MOST potassium channels are ___ gated
voltage
58
voltage gated Na+ and K= channels are concentrated at___
node of ranvier
59
why do AP only happen in one direction?
region previously fired is in refractory period (hyperpolarized)
60
what is saltatory conduction
AP produced at node of ranvier stimulates AP at next node
61
what 2 things increase speed of conductance
increase diameter in order to lower resistance insulate with myelin
62
schwann cells (what, where, and how much)
form the myelin sheath in PNS one cell forms one unit
63
oligodendrocytes (what, where and how much)
form the myelin sheath in CNS one cell can form multiple units
64
multiple sclerosis
myelin in CNS attacked caused coordination and walking problems, numbness, and vision problems
65
CMT
charcot marie tooth group of disorders that cause nerve damage in myelin sheath of PNS usually affects legs feet and hands
66
Ca++ influx when there is an AP causes ...
vesicles with neurotransmitterr to fuse to PM NT released into synaptic cleft and bind to postsynaptic neurons neurons receive signal at dendrites
67
inhibitory neurotransmitter makes a neuron more ___ charged and ___ likely to fire an AP
negatively less
68
excitatory neurotransmitter makes a neuron more ___ charged and ___ likely to fire an AP
positively more
69
acetylcholine (inhibitory/excitatory, controls, destroyed by)
usually excitatory control skeletal muscles and memory processing destroyed by enzyme acetylcholinesterase ^^ allows receptors to recover and continue to respond to more APs
70
Dopamine (inhibitory/excitatory, derived from, produced in, how do drugs affect it)
usually inhibitory derived from AA tyrosine produced in substantia nigra reuptake blocked by stimulants
71
topic anesthetics work by
reduce permeability of Na+ to neuron membranes so AP isn't generated
72
neurotoxins block conduction of nerve signals by (types and animal examples)
green mamba snake, scorpion, pufferfish dendrotoxins: blocks K+ channels tetrodotoxin: blocks Na+ channels prolong AP and cause convulsions
73
inability to feel pain is a mutation in ....
protein SCN9A forms alpha subunit of sodium channel in nociceptor neurons nonfunctional sodium channel
74
what can restore function in paralyzed patients?
electrical stimulation to spinal cord less inflammation and tissue damage
75
cardiac muscle
gap junctions support electrical synchronization of contraction bc ions flow directly between cells
76
smooth muscle
no sarcomeres involuntary movement
77
striated muscle
skeletal muscle voluntary movement
78
single muscle fiber is ___ formed by ____
large multinucleate cell myoblast fusion during development
79
myocytes
muscle cell containing bundled myofibrils made of protein myofilaments
80
what proteins are for structure in muscles
actin and myosin contraction controlled by binding of them
81
what proteins are for regulation in muscles
troponin (binds to Ca++) and tropomyosin
82
sarcomere
unit of contraction how myofibrils are organized
83
____ shape change moves ___ (tropo___) to expose ___ on ____
TROPONIN shape change move TROPOMYOSIN to expose MYOSIN binding sites on ACTIN
84
muscle neurotransmitter is ___ muscle receptor is ___
acetylcholine chemically gated Na+ channel
85
Ca++ levels in sarcoplasmic reticulum
high (low in cytoplasm) pumps Ca++ from cytoplasm to SR
86
T-tubules purpose
carry AP to entire muscle
87
Muscular Dystrophies
deterioration of muscle cells ability to maintain itself
88
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is ___-linked
X
89
myoglobin
O2 binding molecule abundant in slow twitch fibers
90
slow fibers
smaller diamtere darker color bc myoglobin fatigue resistant aerobic alpha-actinin-2 enduring muscle
91
fast fibers
large diameter paler easily fatigued anaerobic alpha-actinin-3 big explosive muscle
92
chemiosmosis
protons diffuse into mitochondria via ATP synthase (channel protein)
93
pulmonary circulation
heart->lungs->heart
94
systemic circulation
heart->body->heart
95
arteries/arterioles
away from heart
96
veins/venules
going back to heart
97
gas/fluid exchange vessels
capillaries
98
blood vessel in order of blood pressure
highest- arteries med_-cappilaries lowest-veins
99
atmospheric air is mostly
nitrogen
100

BIO 111 (5 decks)

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