exam 3 - animal form and function Flashcards
difference between anatomy and physiology
anatomy: study of the biological forms of an organisms
physiology: study of the biological functions an organism performs
factors that drive body and size
size and shape effect the way an animal interacts with its environment
many different animal body plans have evolved and are determined by the genome
evolution of size and shape
physical laws constrain strength, diffusion, movement and heat exchange
as animals increase in size their skeletons must be proportionally larger to support their mass
evolutionary convergence reflects the different ways that an animal have adapted differently to a similar environment
what materials do animals exchange w/ environment? know several ways its accomplished depending on animal
- materials such as nutrients, waste products, and gases must be exchanged across CDl membranes of an animals cells
- rate of exchange is proportional to the cells surface area, while the amount of exchange material is propotional to a cells volume
examples of cells
- single cell protist: living in the water has a sufficient surface area of plasma membrane to service its entire volume of cytoplasm
multicellular organisms: saclike body plan, body walls that are only two cells thick, facilizing diffusion of materials - flat-animals(tapeworms) distance between cells and environment is minimized
- more complex organism: highly folded internal surfaces for exchanging material
What is the purpose of interstitial fluid and where is it found?
In vertebrates, the space between cells is filled with interstitial fluid, which allows for the movement of material into and out of cells
do all organs belong to one organ system?
no some organs can belong to more then one organ system, example is the pancreas
know the hierarchy of body organization, be able to give examples of different levels
atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissue, organs, organ systems, and then the human organism
example of each level of the hierarchy
hydrogen atoms, water molecule, variety of molecules come together to form fluid and organelles of a body cell, smooth tissue, bladder, urinary tract system
name the four types of tissue
epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue
Epithelial tissue and its function
covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body (cells are closely joined)
describe the shapes that are formed from epithelial tissue
cuboidal - dice
columnar - bricks on end
squamous - like floor tiles
Types of arrangement: epithelial tissue
simple - single cell layer
stratified - multiple layers of cells
pseudostratified - single layer of cells of varying length
Connective tissue and its function
mainly binds and supports other tissues
- contains sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix
What are the three types of connective tissue?
Collagenous - fibers provide strength and flexibility
elastic fiber - stretch and snap back to their original length
reticular fibers - join connectivity tissue to adjacent tissue
In vertebrate fiber and foundation combine to form six major types of connective tissue…
loose connective tissue - binds the epithelial to underlying tissues and holds organs in place
Cartilage - strong and flexible support material
fibrous connective tissue - found in tendons which attach muscle to bones and ligaments which connect bones at the joint
adipose tissue - stores for insulation and fuel
Blood - composed of blood cells and cell fragments in blood plasma
bone - is mineralized and forms a skeleton
function of muscle tissue
consists of long cells called muscle fibers, which contract in response to nerve signals
cells included in connective tissue
Fibroblasts: secrete the protein of extra cellular fibers
Macrophages: involved in the immune systems
3 types of muscle tissues
skeletal muscle: or striated muscle responsible for voluntary movement
smooth muscle: responsible for involuntary body activities
cardiac muscle: responsible for contraction of the heart
nervous tissue
sense stimuli and transmits signals throughout the animal
What is contained in the nervous tissue
Neurons: or nerve cells that transmit nerve impulses
Glial cells or glia: help nourish insulate and replenish neutrons
name the two body systems involved in coordination and control
nervous system and endocrine system
name the difference between the two systems involved in coordination and control
endocrine system: transmits chemical signals called hormones, to receptive cells throughout the body via blood
nervous system: transmits information between specific locations
Difference between regulator and a conformer W/ example
regulator: uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external environmental fluctuation
conformer: allows its internal condition to vary with certain external change
river otter ( temperature regulator)
large mouth bass ( temperature conformer)
What is homeostasis, give several examples in humans
organisms use hemostasis to maintain a “steady” state or internal balance regardless of external environment
examples in humans:
body temp, blood pH, glucose concentration
Feedback control in homeostasis
Postive and negative
Negative feedback: maintains dynamic equilibrium of homeostasis, helps returns the variable to a normal range
positive feedback: amplifies a stimulus and does not usually contribute to homeostasis
alterations in homeostasis
set points and normal ranges can change with age or show cyclic variation
in animals and plants, a circadian rhythm governs physiological changes that occur roughly every 24 hours
what is the process of thermoregulation
process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range
what are the 5 adaptions animals have to help thermoregulate
insulation, circulatory adaptions, cooling by evaporation heat loss (sweating), behavioral response, adjusting metabolic heat production
what part of the brain regulates thermoregulation
hypothalamus: triggers heat loss or heat generating mechanisms
bioenergetic factors and what influences them:
determines how much food an animal needs and it relates to an animal size, activity and environment
energy allocation and use
animals harvest chemical energy food
- energy containing molecules make ATP which powers cellular work
Quantifying energy use
Metabolic rate: amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time
determined by - animal heat loss, amount of oxygen consumed or carbon dioxide produced
energy budgets
different species use energy and materials in food in different ways depending on their environment
use of energy is partioned to BMR or SMR
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) and Standard metabolic rate (SMR)
BMR: metabolic rate of an endotherm at rest at a comfortable temperature
SMR: metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest at a specific temperature
Torpor and energy conservation
Torpor: physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases
- enables animal to save energy while avoiding difficult and dangerous situations
Hibernation: long term torpor that is an adaption to winter cold and food scarcity
