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Principles of Anesthesia 1 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Indication for esophageal obturator airway/combitube

A

Failure to intubate; introduced as a substitution for intubation

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2
Q

Where does the distal lumen of the esophageal obturator airway enter? Where should the proximal lumen terminate?

A

Distal lumen is intended to enter the esophagus and the proximal lumen should terminate at the tracheal level for patient ventilation

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3
Q

What type of ventilation and pressures can esophageal obturators/combitubes be used?

A

Positive pressure ventilation to 50 cmH20 for SHORT periods

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4
Q

What type of angle do laryngoscopes form?

A

Right angle (90 degrees if you forgot what maths is)

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5
Q

What do most alterations of laryngoscope blades change?

A

The angle from tongue to handle and there are differences as noted in how they are used

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6
Q

Size of macintosh blade that is useful for adults?

A

3 and #4

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7
Q

What view do we see with a macintosh blade?

A

Valecula is visualize and see epiglottis hanging

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8
Q

What patient would we prefer a miller blade over a macintosh blade for safety purposes?

A

Those with C-spine injury as macintosh have been show to cause greater cervical spine movement than miller

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9
Q

What does the tongue of a macintosh look like?

A

tongue has a gentle curve

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10
Q

What does the tongue of a miller look like?

A

Tongue is straight with slight upward tip

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11
Q

What do we do with a miller to get our view?

A

looking at the epiglottis, we lift the tip of the epiglottis

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12
Q

What is less with miller blades?

A

Force, head extension and cervical spine movement

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13
Q

What type of patients are miller blades great for?

A

Smaller mouths and longer necks

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14
Q

Where do we advance the tip of a macintosh once the epiglottis is visualized?

A

the vallecula

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15
Q

What occurs if we insert a miller too far?

A

Elevation of the larynx or espophagus

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16
Q

What occurs if we withdraw a miller too far?

A

Epiglottis flips down and covers glottis

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17
Q

Describe the sniffing position

A

35 degrees cervical flexion, 85 degree extension of atlanta-occipital level imaginary line between external auditor meatus and sternal notch

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18
Q

What does scissoring help with?

A

Keeps lips free to accommodate blade insertion

19
Q

Which side of the mouth is the laryngoscope inserted?

A

Right side of the mouth, keeping tongue to left and elevated

20
Q

What is the BURP acronym and what is it used for

A

Backward, upward, rightward, pressure; used for displacing the larynx

21
Q

What feature does the bullard laryngoscope have?

A

working port for oxygen and suction

22
Q

3 advantages of bullard scope

A
  1. Helpful in difficult intubations
  2. Causes less cervical spine movement than direct laryngoscopy
  3. More rugged than fiberoptic scope
23
Q

4 disadvantages to bulled scopes

A
  1. requires experience
  2. somewhat expensive
  3. cleaning more involved
  4. laser ETT and double lumen will not fit
24
Q

What has replaced bullard scopes?

A

video laryngoscopes

25
Q

Describe a Wu scope

A
  1. Rigid tubular blade and flexible fiberscope
  2. ETT and suction thread through 2 blades
  3. Insert like an OPA - midline
  4. Back blade removed first, then remainder of unit second
26
Q

Advantages of a Wu scope (5)

A
  1. Double lumen placement possible
  2. Fiberoptic lens is protected from blood, secretions, and redundant tissue
  3. No stylet needed
  4. Minimal jaw opening is necessary
  5. Better hand/blade angle for large breasts or barrel chests
27
Q

2 disadvantages of the Wu scope

A
  1. High initial cost

2. Requires experience

28
Q

Describe the Shikani optical stylet

A
  1. Lighted with malleable distal tip, design utilizes eye piece
  2. Oxygen port for insufflation
  3. Neutral position, inserted midline, available in adult and peds sizes
  4. Stainless steel stylet advanced into trachea; light anteriorly at all times to avoid injury
29
Q

What is the difference between a shikani and lightwand?

A

the lightwand has no eye piece

30
Q

Advantages of video laryngoscopes (6)

A
  1. Magnified anatomy
  2. Rigid scopes have angled blade to mimic laryngoscopes
  3. Operator and assistant can see
  4. May result in decreased cervical spine movement
  5. Further distance from infectious patients
  6. Demonstrates correct technique in legal cases
31
Q

2 Limitations of video laryngoscopes

A
  1. Requires video system

2. Portability varies

32
Q

What should you do with video laryngoscopes if intubation is difficult

A

Withdraw slightly, may want to use tooth protector

33
Q

4 complications of laryngoscopy

A
  1. Dental injury
  2. Cervical spine injury
  3. Damage to other structures
  4. Swallowing or aspirating foreign body
34
Q

Dental injury with laryngoscopy (3)

A
  1. Most frequent anesthesia-related claim
  2. Most lily damaged: upper incisor, teeth restored or weakened teeth
  3. Teeth protectors may be needed
35
Q

Cervical spine injury with laryngoscopy (2)

A
  1. Aggressive head positioning especially neck extension

2. Manual in-line stabilization; do not rely on c-collars

36
Q

Damage to other structures with laryngoscopy (4)

A
  1. Abrasions/hematomas
  2. Lingual and or hypoglossal nerve injury
  3. Arytenoid subluxation
  4. TMJ dislocation
37
Q

Swallowing or aspirating foreign body and laryngoscopy

A

light bulbs

38
Q

With direct laryngoscopy which teeth are the most likely damaged?

A

Front 4 ( 7, 8, 9, 20) and back 4 (23, 24, 25, 26)

39
Q

4 general principles that change resistance in breathing systems

A
  1. ID of tube
  2. Tube length
  3. Configuration changes
  4. Connectors
40
Q

What does the murphy eye provide?

A

Alternate pathway for gas flow

41
Q

What do the internal and external circular walls of ETT help with?

A

Decrease kinking

42
Q

Advantages of ring-adar-elqin (RAE) tubes (4)

A
  1. Facilitate surgery around here and neck
  2. Temporarily straightened during insertion
  3. Large diameter, longer distance from tip to curve
  4. Easy to secure
43
Q

2 disadvantages of RAE tubes

A
  1. Difficult to pass suction/scope

2. Increase airway resistance

Principles of Anesthesia 1 (3 decks)

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