Exam #3- 9-12 Flashcards
Puberty
a brain neuroendocrine process occurring primarily in early adolescence that provides stimulation for the rapid physical changes that take place during the period of development
Timing of early/late puberty affect adolescents
- nutriton
- environment
- family conflict
better for boys to be early (athletic,cool)
not better for girls to be early (early sex, older friends, depression)
Changes in corpus callosum during adolescence
grows thicker and helps the ability of processing information improve
Change in the limbic system during adolescence
involved with emotion and develops at an earlier rate then the rest of the prefrontal cortex
- complete development in early adolescence
Changes in prefrontal cortex during adolescence
increases in brain networks that all different brain regions are apart of
- greater efficiency and focal activation in brain
- not fully developed until early adulthood
Changes in physical activity levels as people progress through adolescence
- exercise decreases as adolescence continues
- most not meeting recommendation
- non latino white boys get the most, african girls get the least
Benefits of exercise in adolescence
- reduced emotional distress
- positive effect on weight status
- reduced anxiety and depression
- lower BP
Poor sleep is associated with
- risk of being overweight
- depressive symptoms
- high levels of anxiety
- less motivation
- engaging in self harm
Average amount of time adolescents will sleep if given the chance
9 hours and 25 minutes
Why are adolescences not getting enough sleep
- electronic media
- caffeine
- screen time
- social media use
Piaget’s stage- Formal operational
Formal operational stage
- abstract thought
- making up fake situations
- thinking hypothetical situations
- thinking more logically and thinking about thought
Children vs adolescents solving problems
children- trial and error
adolescence- make a plan to solve problems (hypothetical-deductive reasoning)
1st criticism about Formal operational stage
1- there is more individual variation than had been said; not everyone goes through this stage
2- focused on stages; there aren’t stages, it’s different for everyone
Imaginary audience
thinking everyone is looking at you or thinking about you
Personal fable
thinking that no one gets you and no one can understand what you are feeling and you are the only person feeling like this
Executive function change in adolescence
Development of the prefrontal cortex
Cool- logical thinking and critical analysis
Hot- emotions drives psychological processes
Identity
getting a sense of who you are as a person and all those factors that make you that person
Erikson’s 5th stage
Identity vs identity confusion
- explore the options of ife and try out different things to see what they like and don’t like
- figuring out who they are, what they want to be, and where they want to go in life
4 identity statuses by James Marcia
Identity diffusion
Identity foreclosure
Identity moratorium
Identity achievement
Identity diffusion
a person is uncommitted and or has not had a crisis in their life. They have not made a decision about occupational and ideological choices.
- happy exisiting with no commitments
- don’t know don’t care
Identity foreclosure
a person is committed but has not experienced a crisis. Their parents pass on commitments before they have a chance to try out other things on their own.
- challengers (only know how to play tennis bc didn’t use college to explore themself
Identity moratorium
a person is in a crisis but their commitments are barely defined or not there
- spider man (conflict between identities but doesn’t want to commit to one)
Identity achievement
a person has made it through a crisis and has made a commitment.
- encanto (knows her role)
Ethnic identity
enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group, along with the attitudes and feelings related to that membership.
Bicultural identity
taking the identity of two groups, those groups being their ethnic group and majority culture. They are taking aspects from both and incorporating it into their life.
- high levels of adjustment
- lower levels of stress
Parental monitoring
watching what your kids choices in social settings, activities, friends, and school.
Higher parental monitoring
- higher grades
- better health behavior
- lower rates of internalizing mental health problems
- fewer problems with sexual behaviors
Lower parental monitoring
- increased use of alcohol and tobacco
- engaging in less effective executive functioning
Conflict increase or decrease in early adolescence
increases
Conflict increase or decrease through late adolescence
decreases
Everyday conflict with parents
conflict with parents are positive as it helps the relationship between the parents and the child
- helps develop problem solving skills
Intense conflict
associated with
- moving out of the family home
- school drop out
- pregnancy
- early marriage
- drug abuse
What need intensifies during adolescence
intimacy
what grades does conformity to peers peak
around 8th and 9th grade
What is the primary driver of increased media use in adolescence
portable devices - cell phones
Online social networking and adolescent mental health
- increased anxiety, stress, and depression
- low life satisifaction
How common is depression in adolescents
13.8% of 12-17 years old have
Gender differences in depression for GIRLS
- more likely to develop depression bc of
- body images
- negativty
- discrimination
- early puberty
- sitting in depressed mood
Gender differences in depression for BOYS
Boys are more
- positive
- face less discrimination
- have later puberty
Genetic factors for depression
- dopamine realted genes
- short version of genes
- depressed parents
Environmental factors for depression
- emotionally unavailable parents
- high marital conflict
- parents with financial problems
Available treatments for depression
cognitive behavior therapy and SSRIs
Emerging adulthood
during the age 18-25
-adolescents are trying to figure out who they want to be and are exploring what the world has to offer them
- experimentation and exploration
Arnett’s 5 characteristics of emerging adulthood
- identity exploration
- Instability
- self focused
- feeling in between
- the age of possibilities
Identity exploration
adolescence are changing their identity during emerging adulthood
Instability
a time of instability in one’s life that is mainly involved with love, work, and education
- a time of change
Self focused
adolescents that are emerging adults don’t have very may commitments so this gives them the time to focus on themself and run their own life
Feeling in between
adolescence are quite sure what they are because they fall in between an adolescence and adult
The age of possibilities
emerging adults have the chance to make their life what they want and have a hopeful outlook for their future
Markers of becoming an adult
- holding a full time job
- economic independence
- taking responsibility for oneself
Peak physical performance
peaks at 19-26
Decline of muscle tone and strength
decline at 30
Emerging adults healthier yet unhealthier
emerging adults have more than twice the mortality rate of adolescents but have fewer chronic health problems
Physical changes of regular exercise
-improved physical health
- reduction in mortality risk
- aerobic exercise (swimming and jogging)
Psychological changes of regular exercise
- improved mental health
- higher self concept
- greater satisfaction with life
Characteristics of postformal thought
-reflective, relativistic, and contextual
- provisional
- realistic
- recognized as being influenced by emotion
Reflective, relativistic. and contextual
- situations are different and all problems aren’t the same
- engage in reflective thinking to solve problems
Provisional
- the truth is complicated and isn’t simple
- search for the truth is an ongoing or never ending process
Realistic
- thinking doesn’t always have to be complicated
- it can be realistic and practical
Recognized as being influenced by emotion
- emotion has a powerful impact on thinking
Postformal thought vs formal operational
formal operational- think more logically, abstract, and idealistically
postformal- thinking involves more realistic and practical
3 adult attachment styles
Secure
Avoidant
Anxious
Secure attachment style
- positive view on relationships
- no issues with closeness
- neither stressed or carefree about relationship
Avoidant attachment style
- slow to get into relationships
- keep partner at arms length
Anxious attachment style
- cling and want closeness
- untrusting, emotional, jealous, possessive
Infant attachment patterns and adult attachment patterns
- they are related
- stressful events dampen link between infant-adult attachment style
Erickson’s 6th stage
Intimacy vs Isolation
- has to be balance
- working on identity and relationships
Romantic love
Passionate love
- feelings of passion, fear, anger, sexual desire, joy, and jealousy
Affectionate love
Companionate love
- develop as relationship goes on
- desire for closeness, presence of genuine care and affection
Sternberg’s love triangle
consists of passion, intimacy, and commitment
Passion
the physical and sexual attraction
Intimacy
closeness and sharing of the relationship
Commitment
effort to stay in the relationship through problems
Consummate love
intimacy, passion, and commitment are present
Infatuation love
passion only
Affectionate love
intimacy and commitment
- no passion
Fatuous love
passion and commitment
- no intimacy
Cross cultural variations in romantic relationships
individualistic culture- intense intimacy directed at partner
collectivistic culture- intimacy is spread out
Cohabitation
two people living together that are in sexual relationship but not married
- disapproval
- risk factor of violence
- unhealthy emotions
- no live in partners before
