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exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what constitutes the core of a virus?

A 
proteins (enzymes)
genetic material (DNA and RNA)
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2
Q

what constitutes the covering of a virus?

A

capsid (protein)

envelope (lipid envelope that surrounds capsid, not always present)

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3
Q

what is the potential genetic material found in viruses?

A

purines- adenine & guanine

pyrimidines- thymosin & cytosine, uracil replaces thymosin in RNA

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4
Q

what effect do viruses have on cells?

A

cell destruction- start to see symptoms
cell alteration- does not interfere with cell activity, recognizes as foreign and attacks
cellular transformation- does not respond to normal growth control- does not stop growing (tumors)

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5
Q

shapes of viruses

A 
bullet shaped
spherical
helical
icosahedral
complex
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6
Q

what is a bacteria virus

A

bacteriophage

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7
Q

steps in viral infection cycle

A
  1. adsorption- attachment to cell, specific proteins on virus attach to specific proteins on cell wall
  2. penetration- enveloped virus- fusion of membrane, envelop of virus fuses with cell membrane. naked virus- endocytosis, comes around cell, cell now in a vesicle
    3 .release of viral genetic material- uncoat capsid to release genetic material from cytoplasm (endocytosis- enzymes and pH break down capsid)
  3. steps in nucleic acid replication and protein synthesis- virus comes into cell and makes copies of self to make more of virus. need proteins to make genetic material
  4. assembly of viral particle- need to make capsid around genetic material
    6.release of infectious viral particle- enveloped-lyse, naked- buds off
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8
Q

how to make copies of Double stranded or single stranded DNA

A
  1. More DNA
  2. Make mRNA (transcription)
  3. Make proteins (translation)
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9
Q

how to make copies of Positive ss RNA

A

(don’t have to make mRNA because already there)

  1. Make more copies of positive single stranded RNA (mRNA)- genetic material (transcription)
  2. Make proteins (translation)
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10
Q

how to make copies of Negative ss DNA

A
  1. Have to make it positive
  2. Make -ssRNA (genetic material)
  3. Make mRNA (transcription)
  4. mRNA Makes proteins (translation)
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11
Q

how to make copies of Double stranded RNA

A
  1. Make copies of dsRNA (genetic material)
  2. Make mRNA (transcription)
  3. mRNA makes proteins (translation)
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12
Q

Poxiviridae enveloped or naked?

A

enveloped

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13
Q

Poxiviridae genetic material

A

ds DNA

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14
Q

ds DNA viruses

A

poxiviridae
herpesviridae
adenoviridae
papovaviridae

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15
Q

diseases in poxiviridae

A

smallpox
monkey pox
Molluscum contagiosum

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16
Q

smallpox symptoms

A

rash, pussy lesions, blisters

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17
Q

smallpox transmission

A

respiratory
close face to face contact, bodily fluids
fomites

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18
Q

smallpox prevention

A
  • variolation- mild form injected into skin
  • use cowpox (vaccinia)- for military because they are scared it could be used as a bioweapon
  • quit giving it to people because cannot get from wild
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19
Q

how did smallpox get eradicated?

A
  • ring vaccination method, vaccinate those around infected

- easy to administer and no refrigeration needed

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20
Q

how long is smallpox contagious for?

A

until blister falls off

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21
Q

what are the side effects of the smallpox vaccine

A

sore arm, fever, body aches

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22
Q

should an immunocompromised receive the vaccine for smallpox?

A

no it could cause them to get disease

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23
Q

does the smallpox vaccine require the virus?

A

no, uses another virus called vaccinia

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24
Q

monkeypox transmission

A

close contact

bite of an animal

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25
Q

does monkeypox infect humans? what are some of the symptoms?

A

yes, rash, pussy blisters

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26
Q

preventative measure for monkey pox

A

use vaccinia virus

wash hands

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27
Q

Molluscum contagiosum symptoms

A

pearly lesions (virus stays in upper layer of skin)

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28
Q

Molluscum contagiosum transmission

A

contact with lesion

fomite

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29
Q

treatment for Molluscum contagiosum

A

freeze, pop of lesion with scalpal

-do have oral drugs and ointment to reduce

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30
Q

herpesviridae diseases

A 
herpes simplex 1
herpes simplex 2
varicella-zoster
epstein barr
kaposi's sarcoma
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31
Q

herpesviruses enveloped or naked?

A

enveloped

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32
Q

herpesviruses genetic material

A

ds DNA

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33
Q

herpesvirus is considered a latent disease. what does this mean?

A

stays dormant, comes out during a flare up. virus gets into dna and stays there forever

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34
Q

symptoms of HSV1

A

fever blister on lip

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35
Q

transmission of HSV1

A

oral secretions, sores on lip

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36
Q

where does HSV1 remain latent?

A

trigeminal nerve

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37
Q

treatment for HSV1 fever blisters?

A

Acyclovirs-
Valacyclovir (pill)
penciclovir (ointment)

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38
Q

symptoms of HSV2

A

painful lesions on genitals

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39
Q

transmission of HSV2

A

sexually

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40
Q

are condoms effective against preventing infection of HSV2?

A

no, they may not cover it because you dont need to see blisters to be infectious

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41
Q

treatment for HSV2

A

Acyclovirs to surpress

  • valacyclovir helps prevent lesions
  • topical has no benefit
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42
Q

varicella (chickenpox) symptoms

A

starts as itchy rash, blister lesions form on trunk face and limbs

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43
Q

transmission of chickenpox

A

close contact with those infected with chickenpox or shingles

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44
Q

complications of chickenpox

A

can cause infection from scratching (meningitis, encephalitis, pneumonia)

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45
Q

treatment of chickenpox

A
  • varivax vaccine (attenuated form)
  • acyclovirs
  • do not take aspirin (Reyes’ syndrome)
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46
Q

symptoms for zoster (shingles)

A

painful blister lesions on trunk, seeping chickenpox virus

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47
Q

what is the requirement for having shingles?

A

must have had chickenpox before

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48
Q

treatment for shingles

A
  • valcyclovir, methyl glyoxal (Manuka honey)

- vaccine: zostavax (65% effective), shingrix (>90% effective)

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49
Q

how are chickenpox and shingle related?

A

shingles can cause chickenpox

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50
Q

Epstein Barr (mononucleosis) symptoms

A

inflamed liver, spleen, throat, lymph nodes

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51
Q

what percent of adult have been infected with Epstein Barr

A

95%

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52
Q

transmission of Epstein barr

A

bodily fluids

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53
Q

what is the relationship between Epstein Barr and burkitt’s lymphoma

A

can get burkitt’s lymphoma from mono

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54
Q

nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A

kissing disease, drinking out of same glass as someone with mono

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55
Q

burkitt’s lymphoma symptoms

A
  • swelling in lymph region in jaw

- in people who have been exposed to malaria

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56
Q

adenoviridae enveloped or naked

A

naked

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57
Q

adenoviridae genetic material

A

ds DNA

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58
Q

what diseases are caused by adenoviridae

A

common cold, croup, pneumonia, bronchitis, gastroenteritis (diarrhea), conjunctivitis (pink eye)

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59
Q

HHV6

A

roseola- rash looks like rose

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60
Q

HHV8

A

kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus

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61
Q

transmission of adenoviridae

A

coughing, sneezing
eating food
fomites
swimming pools

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62
Q

prevention of adenoviridae

A

wash hands, use tissue when sneeze or cough

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63
Q

papovaviridae enveloped or naked

A

naked

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64
Q

papovaviridae genetic material

A

ds DNA

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65
Q

diseases in papovaviridae fam

A

papilloma virus
polyoma virus
vacuolating virus

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66
Q

symptoms for human papilloma virus

A

warts, can cause cervical warts which lead to cancer

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67
Q

transmission of papilloma virus

A

sexually, touching wart

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68
Q

prevention of papilloma

A

gardasil, must be vaccinated before exposure

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69
Q

polyoma virus

A

monkey virus- SV40
can cause polio?
maybe cause tumors in humans

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70
Q

vacuolating virus

A

plant viruses

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71
Q

parvoviridae enveloped or naked

A

naked

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72
Q

parvoviridae genetic material

A

ss DNA

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73
Q

disease in parvoviridae

A

canine parvovirus

B19: fifth disease

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74
Q

symptoms in canine parvoviridae

A

heart problems in puppies

diarrhea

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75
Q

treatment for canine parvoviridae

A

vaccine for puppies

disease is contagious

76
Q

symptoms of fifth disease

A

runny nose

red rash on cheeks

77
Q

transmission of fifth disease

A

nasal secretions

78
Q

virus in fifth disease

79
Q

why is fifth disease called slapped cheeks syndrome?

A

red rash on cheek

80
Q

prevention of fifth disease

A

no vaccine, so wash hands

81
Q

hepadnaviridae enveloped or naked

82
Q

hepadnaviridae genetic material

A

ds and ss DNA- gapped

83
Q

disease in hapadnaviridae

A

Hepatitis B

84
Q

symptoms of Hep B

A

inflammation of liver, jaundice

85
Q

transmission of Hep B

A

bodily fluids, blood

86
Q

prevention for Hep B

A

recombinant vaccine (just getting one protein from virus)

  • need three doses for full protection
  • Engerix B / Recombivax HB
87
Q

ss postive sense RNA virus families

A 
Picornaviridae
Togaviridae
Flaviviridae
Coronaviridae
calciviridae
88
Q

diseases in Picornaviridae family

A 
rhinoviruses
poliovirus
enterovirus D68
accuse flaccid myelitis
hand foot and mouth
Hepatitis A
foot and mouth
89
Q

picornaviridae enveloped or naked

90
Q

picornaviridae genetic material

A

ss postive sense RNA

91
Q

symptoms of rhinovirus / acute nasopharyngitis

A

runny nose, sneezing, cough, stuffy nose

92
Q

preventative measures for the common cold

A

wash hands, no vaccine

relieve symptoms with antihistamines, anti-inflammatories, decongestants, and cough suppressants

93
Q

why is there no vaccine for rhinoviruses?

A

more than 200 strains

94
Q

alternative treatments for common cold

A

zinc, magnesium, sweat it out, eat certain soup

95
Q

how does the cold virus attach to respiratory cells?

A

endocytosis

96
Q

how is polio transmitted

A

by injecting contaminated water or food

97
Q

in what group of viruses is SV40 associated with

98
Q

in what family of viruses is the coxsackie virus found

A

picornaviridae

99
Q

symptoms of foot and mouth

A

foot lesions/hooves, blisters in mouth- excessive salivation, loss of appetite, utter lesions- drop in milk production

100
Q

prevention of foot and mouth

A

disinfectant

101
Q

transmission of foot and mouth

A

inhalation, ingestion, reproduction, direct contact

102
Q

what type of animals does foot and mouth effect

A

clovenhooved animals

103
Q

symptoms of acute flaccid myelitis

A

droopiness of limbs, paralysis

104
Q

transmission of acute flaccid myelitis

105
Q

prevention of acute flaccid myelitis

A

wash hands, can only treat symptoms

106
Q

symptoms of enterovirus D68

107
Q

transmission of enterovirus D68

A

respiratory secretions, mucus, saliva

108
Q

prevention of enterovirus D68

A

avoid close contact with infected individuals

109
Q

symptoms of hand foot and mouth

A

Sores in mouth, rashes on hands and feet, fever, loss of appetite

110
Q

transmission of hand foot and mouth

A

Respiratory secretions, skin-to-skin, contact with fluid from blisters

111
Q

prevention of hand foot and mouth

A

Good hygiene (wash hands, disinfect living spaces)

112
Q

symptoms of Hep A

A

jaundice, swollen liver

113
Q

transmission of Hep A

A

fecal/oral

114
Q

preventions of Hep A

A

Wash hands, get vaccinated
Vaccines:
HAVRIX, VAQTA- single antigen
TWINRIX-combine Hep A and Hep B

115
Q

Togaviridae enveloped or naked

116
Q

Togaviridae genetic material

A

ss RNA positive sense

117
Q

viruses in Togaviridae family

A

measles / Rubella

Chikungunya

118
Q

since rubella usually causes a mild childhood illness why is the vaccine so encouraged

A

can cross placenta

has measles, mumps, and rubella virus in vaccine??

119
Q

symptoms of Rubella

A

rash on body that typically lasts 3 days

120
Q

transmission of rubella

A

respiratory droplets

121
Q

prevention of rubella

A

MMR vaccine

122
Q

symptoms of chikungunya

A

joint pain

123
Q

transmission of chikungunya

A

mosquito bites

124
Q

prevention of chikungunya

A

avoid mosquitos

125
Q

Flaviviridae enveloped or naked

126
Q

Flaviviridae genetic material

A

SSRNA positive sense

127
Q

viruses in Flaviviridae family

A

west nile virus
zika virus
yellow fever
hepatitis c

128
Q

symptoms of west nile virus

A

neck stiffness, paralysis, headache, fever

129
Q

transmission of west nile virus

A

by blood through infected moquitos, blood transfusion/ organ transplant with infected blood

130
Q

prevention of west nile virus

A

avoid mosquitos

131
Q

where was west nile virus first discovered

132
Q

prior to the emergence of west nile virus what was the most common form of encephalitis in the US

A

saint louis encephalitis ???

133
Q

symptoms of zika virus

A

rash, joint pain

134
Q

transmission of zika virus

A

Mosquito bites, transmitted by sexual contact, from a pregnant woman to fetus (birth defects)

135
Q

prevention of zika virus

A

avoid mosquitos

136
Q

describe vaccine being used for west nile virus

A

DNA vaccine- has premembrane/membrane proteins and envelope proteins

137
Q

symptoms of yellow fever

138
Q

transmission of yellow fever

A

infected mosquitos

139
Q

prevention of yellow fever

A

rest, fluid, pain relievers, vaccine

140
Q

symptoms of Hepatitis c

141
Q

transmission of hepatitis c

A

dirty needles, blood, born with it from mother

142
Q

prevention of hepatitis c

A

no vaccine, antiviral medications to reduce

143
Q

Coronaviridae enveloped or naked

144
Q

coronaviridae genetic material

A

SSRNA positive sense

145
Q

viruses in coronaviridae family

A

cold viruses
SARS
MERS

146
Q

symptoms of cold viruses

A

sneeze, sore throat, stuffy nose, cough due to nasal drip

147
Q

transmission of cold viruses

A

touching surfaces

148
Q

prevention of cold viruses

A

no vaccine

wash hands

149
Q

symptoms of SAR

A

respiratory, fever

150
Q

transmission of SARS

A

respiratory droplets

151
Q

prevention of SARS

A

no vaccine

virus has gone away

152
Q

symptoms of MERS

A

respiratory

153
Q

transmission of MERS

A

close contact, respiratory droplets

154
Q

prevention of MERS

A

no vaccine

155
Q

Calciviridae enveloped or naked

156
Q

calciviridae genetic material

A

SSRNA positive sense

157
Q

viruses in calciviridae family

A

norwalk-like virus

158
Q

when was SARS first recognized

159
Q

what was the animal source for SARS

A

bat, thought It was civet cat

160
Q

symptoms of Norwalk like virus

A

vommiting, diarrhea, dehydration

161
Q

transmission of Norwalk like virus

A

fecal/oral

162
Q

prevention of Norwalk like virus

A

rehydration therapy, washing hands after bathroom

163
Q

Orthomyxoviridae enveloped or naked

164
Q

orthomyxoviridae genetic material

A

SSRNA negative anti-sense

165
Q

orthomyxoviridae virus is a segmented virus. what does this mean? how many segements

A

genetic material is in pieces, 8

166
Q

there are three major serotypes what does this mean and which are we most concerned with

A

different strains, A & B effect humans

167
Q

what does hemagglutinin do?

A

functions in attachment

168
Q

what does neuraminidase do?

A

helps in penetration and budding off

169
Q

what does H1N1 mean

A

has type Hemagglutinin 1 Neuraminidase 1

170
Q

how are strains named?

A

serotype/host/place/ID#/Year found/HA and NA

171
Q

antigenic drift

A

subtle changes with each subtype (single mutation)

172
Q

antigenic shift

A

major changes

173
Q

symptoms of orthomyxoviridae

A

abrupt onset, muscle aches, fever chills

174
Q

transmission of orthomyxoviridae

A

direct respiratory droplet spread

175
Q

prevention of orthomyxoviridae

176
Q

complications of flu

A

secondary bacterial infection, pneumonia- interferes with clearance mechanisms, cilia wont function as well

177
Q

when and where is the decision made for the components of the flu vaccine

A

made by WHO, meet in february

178
Q

what considerations are made for the selection of the viruses in vaccine

A
  • influenza viruses in circulation
  • how they are spreading
  • do current vaccine strains protect agains new strains
  • is a goof vaccine strain available the would provide protection
179
Q

what drugs are now available to treat influenza, how do they work?

A

-Zanamivir / Relenza- neuraminidase inhibitor
- Oseltamivir / Tamiflu- neuraminidase inhibitor
-Peramivir / rapivab- neuraminidase inhibitor
-Amantidine hydrochloride- inhibits viral uncoating (interferes with viral protein M2)
Must be taken right away or wont work

180
Q

what is H5N1 and why are we so concerned about it

A

subtypes not circulated in humans

181
Q

what was H1N1 and why were we so concerned about it

A

had not circulated in a long time

182
Q

Landsteiner

A

first one to find polio

183
Q

Salk

A

invented inactivated vaccine with fermaldehyde for polio

184
Q

Sabin

A

invented attenuated oral vaccine for polio

185
Q

Enders

A

grew polio in non-neural tissue

186
Q

infection cycle for flu

A
  1. Attachment- Hemagglutinin binds to mucoprotein receptor
  2. Penetration- Neuraminidase inactivates the mucoprotein receptor sites (aids in endocytic process)
  3. Release of viral genetic material- M2 ion channel allows H+ ions in capsid (changes pH)- weakens M1 matrix protein
  4. Nucleic acid replication and protein synthesis- Copying of (-) RNA genome for genetic material, Production of mRNA to produce proteins
  5. assembly of viral particle- make capsid around genetic material
  6. Release of infectious viral particle- Buds off from plasma membrane- Neuraminidase aids in budding

Microbiology (3 decks)

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