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exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

changing pattern of human disease

A

increased mobility- people go to areas where disease is and spread it
spread of disease by vector- ticks, mosquitos
expanding populations- moving into areas where haven’t been before, being exposed to animals carrying disease
food growing practices- E.coli
incredible resistance- antibiotic resistance, no cell wall on virus’, may run out of antibiotics
poverty and war- no health infrastructure

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2
Q

ulcers

A

Helicobacter pylori

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3
Q

cervical cancer

A

can vaccinate for HPV in order to not get CC

Gardasil (Pasteur)

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4
Q

Robert Hooke

A

cells

looked at cork under microscope, saw spaces that reminded him of cell in monastery

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5
Q

Leeuwenhoek

A

makes lenses, notices water moved on lenses, called animalcules

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6
Q

Redi

A

put meat on counter, one closed, one open. laid eggs on meat

biogenesis

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7
Q

Needham

A

abiogenesis

nutrient broth made bacteria generate

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8
Q

Spallanzani

A

biogenesis, bacteria coming in from air and dust

air important for spontaneous generation

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9
Q

Pasteur

A

swam neck flask, broth is sterile, nothing grows

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10
Q

Germ theory of disease

A

Semmelweis, puerperal fever women contracted after giving birth. germs from morgue, coloring hand wash

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11
Q

John Snow

A

contagious germ from broadstreet pump

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12
Q

Henry Whitehead

A

wants to prove John Snow wrong, mixed water with whiskey

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13
Q

Cholera

A

discovered by Filippo Pacini

curved rod, single polar flagella

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14
Q

what makes cholera so toxic?

A

produces toxin released from cell, exotoxin
Interacts with G subunit
activates G protein
activates CFTR
efflux of ions and water from cell. A part- enzymatic
B part- binding to a specific part

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15
Q

Robert Koch

A

separated microbes, added agar to thicken. Bacillus anthracis, Myocardium tuberculosis (finds cause of disease)

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16
Q

Koch’s postulates

A

(how to know what bacteria causes disease)

  1. recognition of that organism in every case of disease
  2. be able to isolate organism by using agar to grow in pure culture
  3. reproduce in susceptible animal
  4. re-isolate microorganism from diseased animal
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17
Q

AZT

A

used to treat HIV, virus doesn’t know how to replicate

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18
Q

Legionnaire’s disease

A

Legionella pneumophila, Gram- rod. came from air conditioner

didn’t isolate and grow in pure culture (egg & guinee pig) flint Michigan, Newark (led in water)

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19
Q

exceptions to Koch’s postulates

A

HIV, only humans can be infected

Legionnaire’s, cant isolate and grow in pure culture

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20
Q

Modern day guidelines

A 
same collection
extract nucleic acid
nucleic acid amplification
sequencing
comparative analysis
pathogen specific analysis
1. recognition of nucleic acid sequence
2. copy number needs to correspond to illness
3. nature of microbe needs to correspond to the character
4. tissue specificity
5. reproducible
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21
Q

Joseph Lister

A

came up with phenol as antiseptic

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22
Q

smallpox vaccine

A

variation, take blister off person put it in another

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23
Q

Edward Jenner

A

cowpox, give people cowpox to make them immune to smallpox (smallpox eradication)

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24
Q

D.A. Henderson

A

vaccinate everyone if outbreak occurred, didnt need medical knowledge
(smallpox eradication)

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25
Pasteur
chicken cholera | Anthrax- heat microbes to 42 degrees
26
Rossignol
wanted to prove Pasteur wrong
27
Rabies
collect saliva from rabid animal, weakens virus, dripped virus in brain travelled to spine, eventually an abdomen injection
28
vaccines by Pasteur
HPV and cervical cancer melanoma defective polio virus- glioblastoma
29
Tobacco Mosaic Disease
Iwanowsky | Beijerinck, separates virus and bacteria, spread it on leaf and gave it disease
30
adjuvant
stimulates immune system
31
Peyton Rous
Rous sarcome virus, chicken with breast sarcoma
32
two new viruses from midwest
Bunyaviridae Bourbon Virus tick borne
33
Alexander Fleming
isolated Penicillin, chemical produced by one organism to kill or inhibit another
34
Florey and Chain
didnt want Nazi's to catch on to antibiotic, smeared organism on suit jacket. bacteria wants to stop other organisms from taking food supply
35
naming species
named after microbiologist location characteristics disease it causes
36
Prokaryotes
``` no nucleus no membrane Ribosome 30s+50s= 70s binary fission one circular chromosome peptidoglycan cell wall flagella in rotart fashion ```
37
Eukaryotes
``` nucleus membrane ribosome 60s+40s=80s mitosis/meiosis chromosome >1 linear cells wall polymer of sugar whiplike tubulin ```
38
spherical
coccus
39
rod
bacillus
40
curved rod
vibrios
41
cork screw
spirilla
42
spring
spirochetes
43
chains
strepto
44
clusters
staphylo
45
packets of 4
tetrads
46
packets of 8, 16, 32
sarcinae
47
uniformed clusters
palisade
48
monomorphic
dont change shape
49
pleomorphic
take on different shape, Corynebacterium | Diphtheriae
50
flagella
motility
51
filament
helps flagella move in spin like fashion
52
monotrichous
single polar flagella
53
Lophotrichous
cluster of flagella on one end
54
Amphitrichous
cluster of flagella on one end, single flagella on each end
55
diarrhea
Campylobacter jejuni
56
Peritrichous
flagella all the way around cell
57
axial filaments
in paraplasmic space, motility, twist in opposite ways
58
fimbria
attachment of bacteria to each other and other surfaces
59
Clostridium difficile
Cdiff
60
pilus
for attachment, conjugation, chromosome transferred
61
glycocalyx
outside layer of cell slime layer- sugar coating, unorganized capsule- well organized
62
functions of glycocalyx
protects bacteria from WBC, attachment, biofilm production resistant to UV light, antibiotics, radiation, prevents dehydration, nutrition layer
63
peptidoglycan
short chains of amino acids. repeating subunits of sugar, NAM NAG
64
cell wall
helps maintain shape structural support point of attachment for flagella contributes to disease
65
cell wall types
gram -, gram +
66
gram stain
crystal violet: -purple, +purple mordant: -purple, +purple ethanol: -purple, +clear safranin: -purple, +pink
67
gram +
thick peptidoglycan layer, teichoic acid, lipoteichoic acids
68
gram -
thin peptidoglycan layer, porin proteins, inside outer membrane layer, lipopolysaccharides
69
Biomedical significance of Gram +
lipoteichoic acid may provide antigenicity
70
Biomedical significance of Gram -
lipopolysaccharides very toxic in disease
71
Legionella
Gram-, has flagella, has pilli, has outer membrane, recreation enzyme that does damage to lungs, aerobic
72
cell wall exceptions
``` Mycobacterium tuberculosis & Mycobacterium leprae (thick cell wall) Archaebacterium (cell wall) Mycoplasma pneumonia (no cell wall) L forms (cell wall but can lose it) ```
73
cell membrane
phospholipid Phosphate is hydrophilic - love water, Hydrocarbon is hydrophobic- hate water forms phospholipid bilayer(barrier) binding site on outside of cell
74
mesosome
most seen in Gram+ cell membrane, infolding (increases surface area, attachment site for cell wall, artifact of electronmycroscopy
75
cytoplasm
chromosome and plasmids
76
plasmid
small circular pieces of DNA you find in cell
77
granules
storage bodies for phosphate
78
metachromatic granules
type that contain inorganic phosphate that cell needs for energy
79
magnetosomes
iron filings found in some bacteria, magnetic field
80
gas vesicles
have gas to allow bacteria to float so photosynthesis can go on
81
microcompartment
Enzyme responsible for carbon fixation
82
endospore
Resistant to disinfection, heat, uv light, staining, hard to get rid of, protects from conditions it wont survive in Core is made up of dna and rna, coat is made up of dipicolinic acid
83
sporogenesis
Environmental conditions that are not right triggers response 1. chromosome isolated by ingrowth of plasma membrane 2. spore septum becomes double layered membrane- forespore 3. thick layer of peptidoglycan laid down 4. thick spore coat (dipocholinic acid)-endospore 5. freed from cell
84
clostridium tetani
tetanus, Tetanospasmin- produces toxin
85
clostridium perfringens
gas gan green
86
clostridium botulinum
botulism
87
sporocidal
kills spores (very hard to do, must reach core)
88
exotoxins
``` proteins specific effects heat sensitive potent secreted ```
89
endotoxins
``` lipopolysaccharide not specific heat stable less potent outer membrane of Gram- ```
90
diphtheria
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
91
3 kinds of anthrax
cutaneous, gastrointestinal (eating), inhalation
92
treatment for anthrax
doxycycline, ciprofloxacin
93
pathogenic factors for anthrax
protective antigen- allows lethal and edema to bind lethal- cell death edema- fluid in lungs
94
gene for capsule in plasmids (anthrax)
PX02-(resist phagocytosis) | PX01- codes for exotoxin
95
how do penicillin and lysozyme differ in the way they kill bacteria?
P- inhibits peptide cross bridging | L- hydrolyze peptidoglycan layer

Microbiology (3 decks)

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