exam 1 Flashcards
changing pattern of human disease
increased mobility- people go to areas where disease is and spread it
spread of disease by vector- ticks, mosquitos
expanding populations- moving into areas where haven’t been before, being exposed to animals carrying disease
food growing practices- E.coli
incredible resistance- antibiotic resistance, no cell wall on virus’, may run out of antibiotics
poverty and war- no health infrastructure
ulcers
Helicobacter pylori
cervical cancer
can vaccinate for HPV in order to not get CC
Gardasil (Pasteur)
Robert Hooke
cells
looked at cork under microscope, saw spaces that reminded him of cell in monastery
Leeuwenhoek
makes lenses, notices water moved on lenses, called animalcules
Redi
put meat on counter, one closed, one open. laid eggs on meat
biogenesis
Needham
abiogenesis
nutrient broth made bacteria generate
Spallanzani
biogenesis, bacteria coming in from air and dust
air important for spontaneous generation
Pasteur
swam neck flask, broth is sterile, nothing grows
Germ theory of disease
Semmelweis, puerperal fever women contracted after giving birth. germs from morgue, coloring hand wash
John Snow
contagious germ from broadstreet pump
Henry Whitehead
wants to prove John Snow wrong, mixed water with whiskey
Cholera
discovered by Filippo Pacini
curved rod, single polar flagella
what makes cholera so toxic?
produces toxin released from cell, exotoxin
Interacts with G subunit
activates G protein
activates CFTR
efflux of ions and water from cell. A part- enzymatic
B part- binding to a specific part
Robert Koch
separated microbes, added agar to thicken. Bacillus anthracis, Myocardium tuberculosis (finds cause of disease)
Koch’s postulates
(how to know what bacteria causes disease)
- recognition of that organism in every case of disease
- be able to isolate organism by using agar to grow in pure culture
- reproduce in susceptible animal
- re-isolate microorganism from diseased animal
AZT
used to treat HIV, virus doesn’t know how to replicate
Legionnaire’s disease
Legionella pneumophila, Gram- rod. came from air conditioner
didn’t isolate and grow in pure culture (egg & guinee pig) flint Michigan, Newark (led in water)
exceptions to Koch’s postulates
HIV, only humans can be infected
Legionnaire’s, cant isolate and grow in pure culture
Modern day guidelines
same collection extract nucleic acid nucleic acid amplification sequencing comparative analysis pathogen specific analysis 1. recognition of nucleic acid sequence 2. copy number needs to correspond to illness 3. nature of microbe needs to correspond to the character 4. tissue specificity 5. reproducible
Joseph Lister
came up with phenol as antiseptic
smallpox vaccine
variation, take blister off person put it in another
Edward Jenner
cowpox, give people cowpox to make them immune to smallpox (smallpox eradication)
D.A. Henderson
vaccinate everyone if outbreak occurred, didnt need medical knowledge
(smallpox eradication)
Pasteur
chicken cholera
Anthrax- heat microbes to 42 degrees
Rossignol
wanted to prove Pasteur wrong
Rabies
collect saliva from rabid animal, weakens virus, dripped virus in brain travelled to spine, eventually an abdomen injection
vaccines by Pasteur
HPV and cervical cancer
melanoma
defective polio virus- glioblastoma
Tobacco Mosaic Disease
Iwanowsky
Beijerinck, separates virus and bacteria, spread it on leaf and gave it disease
adjuvant
stimulates immune system
Peyton Rous
Rous sarcome virus, chicken with breast sarcoma
two new viruses from midwest
Bunyaviridae
Bourbon Virus
tick borne
Alexander Fleming
isolated Penicillin, chemical produced by one organism to kill or inhibit another
Florey and Chain
didnt want Nazi’s to catch on to antibiotic, smeared organism on suit jacket. bacteria wants to stop other organisms from taking food supply
naming species
named after microbiologist
location
characteristics
disease it causes
Prokaryotes
no nucleus no membrane Ribosome 30s+50s= 70s binary fission one circular chromosome peptidoglycan cell wall flagella in rotart fashion
Eukaryotes
nucleus membrane ribosome 60s+40s=80s mitosis/meiosis chromosome >1 linear cells wall polymer of sugar whiplike tubulin
spherical
coccus
rod
bacillus
curved rod
vibrios
cork screw
spirilla
spring
spirochetes
chains
strepto
clusters
staphylo
packets of 4
tetrads
packets of 8, 16, 32
sarcinae
uniformed clusters
palisade
monomorphic
dont change shape
pleomorphic
take on different shape, Corynebacterium
Diphtheriae
flagella
motility
filament
helps flagella move in spin like fashion
monotrichous
single polar flagella
Lophotrichous
cluster of flagella on one end
Amphitrichous
cluster of flagella on one end, single flagella on each end
diarrhea
Campylobacter jejuni
Peritrichous
flagella all the way around cell
axial filaments
in paraplasmic space, motility, twist in opposite ways
fimbria
attachment of bacteria to each other and other surfaces
Clostridium difficile
Cdiff
pilus
for attachment, conjugation, chromosome transferred
glycocalyx
outside layer of cell
slime layer- sugar coating, unorganized
capsule- well organized
functions of glycocalyx
protects bacteria from WBC, attachment,
biofilm production
resistant to UV light, antibiotics, radiation, prevents dehydration, nutrition layer
peptidoglycan
short chains of amino acids. repeating subunits of sugar, NAM NAG
cell wall
helps maintain shape
structural support
point of attachment for flagella
contributes to disease
cell wall types
gram -, gram +
gram stain
crystal violet: -purple, +purple
mordant: -purple, +purple
ethanol: -purple, +clear
safranin: -purple, +pink
gram +
thick peptidoglycan layer, teichoic acid, lipoteichoic acids
gram -
thin peptidoglycan layer, porin proteins, inside outer membrane layer, lipopolysaccharides
Biomedical significance of Gram +
lipoteichoic acid may provide antigenicity
Biomedical significance of Gram -
lipopolysaccharides very toxic in disease
Legionella
Gram-, has flagella, has pilli, has outer membrane, recreation enzyme that does damage to lungs, aerobic
cell wall exceptions
Mycobacterium tuberculosis & Mycobacterium leprae (thick cell wall) Archaebacterium (cell wall) Mycoplasma pneumonia (no cell wall) L forms (cell wall but can lose it)
cell membrane
phospholipid
Phosphate is hydrophilic - love water, Hydrocarbon is hydrophobic- hate water
forms phospholipid bilayer(barrier)
binding site on outside of cell
mesosome
most seen in Gram+ cell membrane, infolding (increases surface area, attachment site for cell wall, artifact of electronmycroscopy
cytoplasm
chromosome and plasmids
plasmid
small circular pieces of DNA you find in cell
granules
storage bodies for phosphate
metachromatic granules
type that contain inorganic phosphate that cell needs for energy
magnetosomes
iron filings found in some bacteria, magnetic field
gas vesicles
have gas to allow bacteria to float so photosynthesis can go on
microcompartment
Enzyme responsible for carbon fixation
endospore
Resistant to disinfection, heat, uv light, staining, hard to get rid of, protects from conditions it wont survive in
Core is made up of dna and rna, coat is made up of dipicolinic acid
sporogenesis
Environmental conditions that are not right triggers response
- chromosome isolated by ingrowth of plasma membrane
- spore septum becomes double layered membrane- forespore
- thick layer of peptidoglycan laid down
- thick spore coat (dipocholinic acid)-endospore
- freed from cell
clostridium tetani
tetanus, Tetanospasmin- produces toxin
clostridium perfringens
gas gan green
clostridium botulinum
botulism
sporocidal
kills spores (very hard to do, must reach core)
exotoxins
proteins specific effects heat sensitive potent secreted
endotoxins
lipopolysaccharide not specific heat stable less potent outer membrane of Gram-
diphtheria
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
3 kinds of anthrax
cutaneous, gastrointestinal (eating), inhalation
treatment for anthrax
doxycycline, ciprofloxacin
pathogenic factors for anthrax
protective antigen- allows lethal and edema to bind
lethal- cell death
edema- fluid in lungs
gene for capsule in plasmids (anthrax)
PX02-(resist phagocytosis)
PX01- codes for exotoxin
how do penicillin and lysozyme differ in the way they kill bacteria?
P- inhibits peptide cross bridging
L- hydrolyze peptidoglycan layer
