exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

changing pattern of human disease

A

increased mobility- people go to areas where disease is and spread it
spread of disease by vector- ticks, mosquitos
expanding populations- moving into areas where haven’t been before, being exposed to animals carrying disease
food growing practices- E.coli
incredible resistance- antibiotic resistance, no cell wall on virus’, may run out of antibiotics
poverty and war- no health infrastructure

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2
Q

ulcers

A

Helicobacter pylori

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3
Q

cervical cancer

A

can vaccinate for HPV in order to not get CC

Gardasil (Pasteur)

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4
Q

Robert Hooke

A

cells

looked at cork under microscope, saw spaces that reminded him of cell in monastery

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5
Q

Leeuwenhoek

A

makes lenses, notices water moved on lenses, called animalcules

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6
Q

Redi

A

put meat on counter, one closed, one open. laid eggs on meat

biogenesis

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7
Q

Needham

A

abiogenesis

nutrient broth made bacteria generate

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8
Q

Spallanzani

A

biogenesis, bacteria coming in from air and dust

air important for spontaneous generation

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9
Q

Pasteur

A

swam neck flask, broth is sterile, nothing grows

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10
Q

Germ theory of disease

A

Semmelweis, puerperal fever women contracted after giving birth. germs from morgue, coloring hand wash

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11
Q

John Snow

A

contagious germ from broadstreet pump

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12
Q

Henry Whitehead

A

wants to prove John Snow wrong, mixed water with whiskey

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13
Q

Cholera

A

discovered by Filippo Pacini

curved rod, single polar flagella

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14
Q

what makes cholera so toxic?

A

produces toxin released from cell, exotoxin
Interacts with G subunit
activates G protein
activates CFTR
efflux of ions and water from cell. A part- enzymatic
B part- binding to a specific part

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15
Q

Robert Koch

A

separated microbes, added agar to thicken. Bacillus anthracis, Myocardium tuberculosis (finds cause of disease)

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16
Q

Koch’s postulates

A

(how to know what bacteria causes disease)

  1. recognition of that organism in every case of disease
  2. be able to isolate organism by using agar to grow in pure culture
  3. reproduce in susceptible animal
  4. re-isolate microorganism from diseased animal
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17
Q

AZT

A

used to treat HIV, virus doesn’t know how to replicate

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18
Q

Legionnaire’s disease

A

Legionella pneumophila, Gram- rod. came from air conditioner

didn’t isolate and grow in pure culture (egg & guinee pig) flint Michigan, Newark (led in water)

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19
Q

exceptions to Koch’s postulates

A

HIV, only humans can be infected

Legionnaire’s, cant isolate and grow in pure culture

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20
Q

Modern day guidelines

A
same collection
extract nucleic acid
nucleic acid amplification
sequencing
comparative analysis
pathogen specific analysis
1. recognition of nucleic acid sequence
2. copy number needs to correspond to illness
3. nature of microbe needs to correspond to the character
4. tissue specificity
5. reproducible
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21
Q

Joseph Lister

A

came up with phenol as antiseptic

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22
Q

smallpox vaccine

A

variation, take blister off person put it in another

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23
Q

Edward Jenner

A

cowpox, give people cowpox to make them immune to smallpox (smallpox eradication)

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24
Q

D.A. Henderson

A

vaccinate everyone if outbreak occurred, didnt need medical knowledge
(smallpox eradication)

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25
Q

Pasteur

A

chicken cholera

Anthrax- heat microbes to 42 degrees

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26
Q

Rossignol

A

wanted to prove Pasteur wrong

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27
Q

Rabies

A

collect saliva from rabid animal, weakens virus, dripped virus in brain travelled to spine, eventually an abdomen injection

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28
Q

vaccines by Pasteur

A

HPV and cervical cancer
melanoma
defective polio virus- glioblastoma

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29
Q

Tobacco Mosaic Disease

A

Iwanowsky

Beijerinck, separates virus and bacteria, spread it on leaf and gave it disease

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30
Q

adjuvant

A

stimulates immune system

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31
Q

Peyton Rous

A

Rous sarcome virus, chicken with breast sarcoma

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32
Q

two new viruses from midwest

A

Bunyaviridae
Bourbon Virus
tick borne

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33
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

isolated Penicillin, chemical produced by one organism to kill or inhibit another

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34
Q

Florey and Chain

A

didnt want Nazi’s to catch on to antibiotic, smeared organism on suit jacket. bacteria wants to stop other organisms from taking food supply

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35
Q

naming species

A

named after microbiologist
location
characteristics
disease it causes

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36
Q

Prokaryotes

A
no nucleus
no membrane
Ribosome 30s+50s= 70s
binary fission
one circular chromosome
peptidoglycan cell wall
flagella in rotart fashion
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37
Q

Eukaryotes

A
nucleus
membrane
ribosome 60s+40s=80s
mitosis/meiosis
chromosome >1 linear
cells wall polymer of sugar
whiplike
tubulin
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38
Q

spherical

A

coccus

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39
Q

rod

A

bacillus

40
Q

curved rod

A

vibrios

41
Q

cork screw

A

spirilla

42
Q

spring

A

spirochetes

43
Q

chains

A

strepto

44
Q

clusters

A

staphylo

45
Q

packets of 4

A

tetrads

46
Q

packets of 8, 16, 32

A

sarcinae

47
Q

uniformed clusters

A

palisade

48
Q

monomorphic

A

dont change shape

49
Q

pleomorphic

A

take on different shape, Corynebacterium

Diphtheriae

50
Q

flagella

A

motility

51
Q

filament

A

helps flagella move in spin like fashion

52
Q

monotrichous

A

single polar flagella

53
Q

Lophotrichous

A

cluster of flagella on one end

54
Q

Amphitrichous

A

cluster of flagella on one end, single flagella on each end

55
Q

diarrhea

A

Campylobacter jejuni

56
Q

Peritrichous

A

flagella all the way around cell

57
Q

axial filaments

A

in paraplasmic space, motility, twist in opposite ways

58
Q

fimbria

A

attachment of bacteria to each other and other surfaces

59
Q

Clostridium difficile

A

Cdiff

60
Q

pilus

A

for attachment, conjugation, chromosome transferred

61
Q

glycocalyx

A

outside layer of cell
slime layer- sugar coating, unorganized
capsule- well organized

62
Q

functions of glycocalyx

A

protects bacteria from WBC, attachment,
biofilm production
resistant to UV light, antibiotics, radiation, prevents dehydration, nutrition layer

63
Q

peptidoglycan

A

short chains of amino acids. repeating subunits of sugar, NAM NAG

64
Q

cell wall

A

helps maintain shape
structural support
point of attachment for flagella
contributes to disease

65
Q

cell wall types

A

gram -, gram +

66
Q

gram stain

A

crystal violet: -purple, +purple

mordant: -purple, +purple
ethanol: -purple, +clear
safranin: -purple, +pink

67
Q

gram +

A

thick peptidoglycan layer, teichoic acid, lipoteichoic acids

68
Q

gram -

A

thin peptidoglycan layer, porin proteins, inside outer membrane layer, lipopolysaccharides

69
Q

Biomedical significance of Gram +

A

lipoteichoic acid may provide antigenicity

70
Q

Biomedical significance of Gram -

A

lipopolysaccharides very toxic in disease

71
Q

Legionella

A

Gram-, has flagella, has pilli, has outer membrane, recreation enzyme that does damage to lungs, aerobic

72
Q

cell wall exceptions

A
Mycobacterium tuberculosis & Mycobacterium leprae (thick cell wall) Archaebacterium (cell wall) Mycoplasma pneumonia (no cell wall)
L forms (cell wall but can lose it)
73
Q

cell membrane

A

phospholipid
Phosphate is hydrophilic - love water, Hydrocarbon is hydrophobic- hate water
forms phospholipid bilayer(barrier)
binding site on outside of cell

74
Q

mesosome

A

most seen in Gram+ cell membrane, infolding (increases surface area, attachment site for cell wall, artifact of electronmycroscopy

75
Q

cytoplasm

A

chromosome and plasmids

76
Q

plasmid

A

small circular pieces of DNA you find in cell

77
Q

granules

A

storage bodies for phosphate

78
Q

metachromatic granules

A

type that contain inorganic phosphate that cell needs for energy

79
Q

magnetosomes

A

iron filings found in some bacteria, magnetic field

80
Q

gas vesicles

A

have gas to allow bacteria to float so photosynthesis can go on

81
Q

microcompartment

A

Enzyme responsible for carbon fixation

82
Q

endospore

A

Resistant to disinfection, heat, uv light, staining, hard to get rid of, protects from conditions it wont survive in
Core is made up of dna and rna, coat is made up of dipicolinic acid

83
Q

sporogenesis

A

Environmental conditions that are not right triggers response

  1. chromosome isolated by ingrowth of plasma membrane
  2. spore septum becomes double layered membrane- forespore
  3. thick layer of peptidoglycan laid down
  4. thick spore coat (dipocholinic acid)-endospore
  5. freed from cell
84
Q

clostridium tetani

A

tetanus, Tetanospasmin- produces toxin

85
Q

clostridium perfringens

A

gas gan green

86
Q

clostridium botulinum

A

botulism

87
Q

sporocidal

A

kills spores (very hard to do, must reach core)

88
Q

exotoxins

A
proteins
specific effects
heat sensitive
potent 
secreted
89
Q

endotoxins

A
lipopolysaccharide 
not specific
heat stable
less potent
outer membrane of Gram-
90
Q

diphtheria

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

91
Q

3 kinds of anthrax

A

cutaneous, gastrointestinal (eating), inhalation

92
Q

treatment for anthrax

A

doxycycline, ciprofloxacin

93
Q

pathogenic factors for anthrax

A

protective antigen- allows lethal and edema to bind
lethal- cell death
edema- fluid in lungs

94
Q

gene for capsule in plasmids (anthrax)

A

PX02-(resist phagocytosis)

PX01- codes for exotoxin

95
Q

how do penicillin and lysozyme differ in the way they kill bacteria?

A

P- inhibits peptide cross bridging

L- hydrolyze peptidoglycan layer