exam 3 Flashcards
nasal septum
divides external nares
external nares aka
nostrils
path through nasal cavity
- external nares
- nasal vestibule
- nasal cavity
what protects external nares?
guard hairs
what is nasal vestibule lined with?
stratified squamous epithelium
nasal cavity
- Traps dust particles
- Composted of CT and respiratory epithelium
- where air can be warmed by underlying venous plexus
respiratory epithelium
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells (secrete mucus)
Nasal concha
- several thin, scroll-shaped bony elements forming the upper chambers of thenasal cavities
- increase the surface area of thesecavities, providing for rapid warming and humidification of air as it passes to the lungs.
nasal conchae
- in walls of nasal cavity
- cause air to come in contact with mucous membrane
- internal nares lead to pharynx.
pharynx parts
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
larynx
- “voice box”
- controls pitch of voice
thyroid cartilage aka
Adam’s apple in men bc of testosterone
order of cartilage in larynx
thyroid cartilage
arytenoid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
true vocal cords
vocal folds, vibrate with expelled air
false vocal cords
vocal folds (true vocal cords)
vibrate with expelled air
vestibular folds (false vocal cords)
protect the vocal folds and help to close the glottis when we swallow
epiglottis
- covers opening of larynx (glottis) during swallowing
- when fails, cough reflex
trachea
wind pipe
tracheal cartilage is made of
hyaline cartilage
order of trachea
- inferior- carina
- splits into 2 main bronchi
- lobar bronchi
- segmental bronci
- bronchiole
pathway of bronchi
- bronchi turn into
- bronchioles (alveoli attached to walls)
- alveolar ducts
- alveoli
alveoli
gas exchange occurs with blood capillaries located adjacently
airways
decrease in size but surface area increases as you travel inferiorly
alveolar sacs
clusters of alveoli around an alveolar duct
Type I pneumocytes
increase surface area for gas exchange
Type II pneumocytes
secrete surfactant
right lung
3 lobes: Superior, middle, inferior
left lung
2 lobes: Superior and inferior
order of parietal cavity
parietal pleura
pleural cavity
visceral pleura
respiratory system
- Function: exchange gases between air and blood
- CO2 out, O2 in
ventilation
mechanical process of moving air in/out of lungs
perfusion
exchange of gases
inhalation
- diaphragm contracts
- increase volume in thoracic cavity
exhalation
- diaphragm relaxes
- pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure, so air forced out
Boyle’s law
as volume increases, pressure decreases (inverse relationship)
normal respiratory rate for adults
16-20 breaths/min
tachypnea
> 20 breaths/min
bradypnea
<16 breaths/min
measuring tool for measuring capacities
spirometer (estimates volume expired)
wet spirometer
measures volume of air actually expired
tidal volume
- Norm: 500 mL
- Definition: volume of air displaced during normal breathing
- Measured with handheld spirometer by forcibly exhaling the same amount you typically do during normal exhalation
expiratory reserve volume
- Norm: 1,100 mL
- Definition: maximum amount of air that can be exhaled with after normal exhalation
- Measurement with handheld spirometer by forcibly exhaling max amount of air after normal exhalation
inspiratory reserve volume
- Max amount of additional air that can be inhaled after normal respiration
- Typically not measured with handheld spirometer
vital capacity
- Total volume of air that can be forcefully expelled from lungs after maximum inhalation
- Can be measured with handheld spirometer by inhaling completely and exhaling maximum amount into device
- Normal Vital Capacity: use to compare your vital capacity with like individuals
- Your vital capacity/normal vital capacity x 100 = % normal vital capacity
residual volume
- Air left in lungs after max inhalation
- Norm: 1,00 mL
total lung capacity
all 4 volumes
flow and resistance
inversely proportional
aerobic
- Moderate levels of exercise, longer duration (marathon)
- Incomplete depletion of oxygen
anaerobic
- High intensity, short duration (sprinting)
- Depletion of oxygen (demand>availability)
FEV1/VC:
- proportion of VC that an individual is able to expire in the first second of forced expiration to the full vital capacity
- Norm: 65-75%
Obstruction
- Airways narrowed increasing resistance
- Ex: asthma, inflammation (bronchitis), excess mucous, COPD
- Slower exhalation (increased resistance with increased velocity)
- FEV1 lower than normal
Restrictive
- Scarring of lung tissue, cannot fully inhale (lungs are less elastic)
- Emphysema, cystic fibrosis
- Normal/high FEV1
digestive tract
- food tube
- comes into contact with food
- Esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine, etc
Accessory organs
- Necessary for absorption as well but do not come into direct contact with food
- Liver, gallbladder, pancreas, etc
layers of digestive tract
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa
mucosa
contains CT layer called lamina propria closest to lumen
submucosa
mostly CT
muscularis
– smooth muscle to propel material through tract
serosa
visceral peritoneum
parietal peritoneum
outer layer of peritoneum
Esophagus
-Takes food from pharynx, through diaphragm, into stomach
-
food entering esophagus
bolus
contraction of esophagus
peristalsis
as food travels through esophagus
goes from mostly skeletal to mostly smooth muscle
lining of esophagus
adventitia
canal of esophagus
lumen
inferior aspect of esophagus
has esophageal sphincter to prevent reflux
food once enters stomach
chyme
stomach
- on left side of abdominal cavity
- very low pH (very acidic)
sphincter that prevents back flow in stomach
esophageal sphincter
sphincter that prevents premature release of stomach contents in small intestine
pyloric sphincter
stomach order
cardia
fundus
body
pyloric part
small intestine
small in diameter, long (17 ft)
movement in small intestine
peristalsis
role of small intestine
absorb nutrients
three parts of small intestine
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
valve between small and large intestine
ileocecal valve (stops back flow into SI)
teniae colie
band of longitudinal muscle (in large intestine)
haustra
puckers/pouches in intestinal tract (in large intestine)
omental appendages
fat lobules (in large intestine)
salivary glands
- secrete saliva into oral cavity
- contains mucus to lubricate food
- contains salivary amylase (digestive enzyme)
three pairs of salivary glands
parotid
submandibular
sublingual
function of large intestine
- absorption of water
- formation of feces
vermiform appendix
Near junction of small and large intestine
liver function
- produce digestive enzymes
- movement of nutrients
- produces blood plasma proteins
- detoxifies material in body
- produces bile
liver 4 lobes
quadrate lobe
right lobe
caudate lobe
left lobe
pancreas
- Exocrine and endocrine functions
- Parts: tail, body, head
enzyme/buffers move from
pancreas
pancreatic duct
duodenum
gallbladder
- Releases bile emptying into duodenum via common bile duct
- Located just inferior to liver
- bile storage
purpose of rugae in stomach
allow stomach to expand
bile pathway
liver left and right hepatic ducts -sphincter closes common hepatic ducts cystic duct stored in gallbladder
3 structures make up the nasal septum. What are they?
- vomer
- the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
- the nasal cartilage
Name the openings between the nasal cavity and the pharynx
internal nares
What is the name of the structure that prevents fluid from entering the nasopharynx during swallowing?
uvula
What is the name of the large cartilage of the anterior larynx?
thyroid cartilage
Where is the tracheobronchial tree located?
lungs
emphysema
destruction of alveoli in lungs, decreases surface area of lungs
How does the decrease in vital capacity potentially influence a person’s athletic performance of aerobic condition as he or she ages?
vital capacity tends to gradually decrease with age because the elastic fibers in the lungs decrease also. This results in less elasticity and an increase of compliance if the lungs.
What is the pressure difference between the external air and the pleural cavity when inhalation just begins?
intrapulmonary pressure drops 3mm/Hg below atmospheric pressure and air flows into lungs
IRV=
VC-(ERV+TV)
How does carbon dioxide change the acid-base condition of a solution when present in excess?
makes it more acidic by forming carbonic acid (H2CO3)
lungs located in
pleural cavity
part of the stomach closest to the small intestine
pyloric region
cell type in the muscularis
smooth muscle
location of villi
mucosa
where are lacteals located in the digestive tract
mucosa of the small intestine
what membrane holds the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity
lingual franulum
what part of the tooth is found above the neck
the crown
what is the layer of a tooth superficial to the dentin
enamel
What are the names of the salivary glands located anterior to the ear
parotid glands
Where is the lesser omentum found?
between the liver and stomach
Name 2 functions of the pancreas
- provides digestive enzymes for proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
- secretes solution that buffers stomach acid
the target heart rate zone for exercise is
60-80% for the maximum heart rate (MHR) for healthy adults… the maximum heart rate for an individual is his or her age subtracted from 220
tongue is made of _____ tissue
skeletal
4 types of papillae
- foliate
- fungiform
- filiform
- circumvallate
Tongue has taste receptors for
taste buds
A tooth consists of a
crown, neck, root
crown
exposed part of tooth
neck
constricted portion of the tooth
root
embedded into the jaw
innermost portion of the tooth consists of the
pulp cavity
muscles around the wall of the oropharynx are the
pharyngeal constrictor muscles
the space in the esophagus that the food passes through is called the
lumen
in the stomach, what is partially digested food called
chyme
