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A&P2LAB > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

nasal septum

A

divides external nares

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2
Q

external nares aka

A

nostrils

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3
Q

path through nasal cavity

A
  1. external nares
  2. nasal vestibule
  3. nasal cavity
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4
Q

what protects external nares?

A

guard hairs

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5
Q

what is nasal vestibule lined with?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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6
Q

nasal cavity

A
  • Traps dust particles
  • Composted of CT and respiratory epithelium
  • where air can be warmed by underlying venous plexus
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7
Q

respiratory epithelium

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells (secrete mucus)

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8
Q

Nasal concha

A
  • several thin, scroll-shaped bony elements forming the upper chambers of thenasal cavities
  • increase the surface area of thesecavities, providing for rapid warming and humidification of air as it passes to the lungs.
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9
Q

nasal conchae

A
  • in walls of nasal cavity
  • cause air to come in contact with mucous membrane
  • internal nares lead to pharynx.
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10
Q

pharynx parts

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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11
Q

larynx

A
  • “voice box”

- controls pitch of voice

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12
Q

thyroid cartilage aka

A

Adam’s apple in men bc of testosterone

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13
Q

order of cartilage in larynx

A

thyroid cartilage
arytenoid cartilage
cricoid cartilage

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14
Q

true vocal cords

A

vocal folds, vibrate with expelled air

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15
Q

false vocal cords

A

vocal folds (true vocal cords)
vibrate with expelled air
vestibular folds (false vocal cords)
protect the vocal folds and help to close the glottis when we swallow

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16
Q

epiglottis

A
  • covers opening of larynx (glottis) during swallowing

- when fails, cough reflex

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17
Q

trachea

A

wind pipe

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18
Q

tracheal cartilage is made of

A

hyaline cartilage

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19
Q

order of trachea

A
  • inferior- carina
  • splits into 2 main bronchi
  • lobar bronchi
  • segmental bronci
  • bronchiole
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20
Q

pathway of bronchi

A
  • bronchi turn into
  • bronchioles (alveoli attached to walls)
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveoli
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21
Q

alveoli

A

gas exchange occurs with blood capillaries located adjacently

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22
Q

airways

A

decrease in size but surface area increases as you travel inferiorly

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23
Q

alveolar sacs

A

clusters of alveoli around an alveolar duct

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24
Q

Type I pneumocytes

A

increase surface area for gas exchange

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25
Q

Type II pneumocytes

A

secrete surfactant

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26
Q

right lung

A

3 lobes: Superior, middle, inferior

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27
Q

left lung

A

2 lobes: Superior and inferior

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28
Q

order of parietal cavity

A

parietal pleura
pleural cavity
visceral pleura

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29
Q

respiratory system

A
  • Function: exchange gases between air and blood

- CO2 out, O2 in

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30
Q

ventilation

A

mechanical process of moving air in/out of lungs

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31
Q

perfusion

A

exchange of gases

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32
Q

inhalation

A
  • diaphragm contracts

- increase volume in thoracic cavity

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33
Q

exhalation

A
  • diaphragm relaxes

- pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure, so air forced out

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34
Q

Boyle’s law

A

as volume increases, pressure decreases (inverse relationship)

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35
Q

normal respiratory rate for adults

A

16-20 breaths/min

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36
Q

tachypnea

A

> 20 breaths/min

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37
Q

bradypnea

A

<16 breaths/min

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38
Q

measuring tool for measuring capacities

A

spirometer (estimates volume expired)

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39
Q

wet spirometer

A

measures volume of air actually expired

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40
Q

tidal volume

A
  • Norm: 500 mL
  • Definition: volume of air displaced during normal breathing
  • Measured with handheld spirometer by forcibly exhaling the same amount you typically do during normal exhalation
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41
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A
  • Norm: 1,100 mL
  • Definition: maximum amount of air that can be exhaled with after normal exhalation
  • Measurement with handheld spirometer by forcibly exhaling max amount of air after normal exhalation
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42
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A
  • Max amount of additional air that can be inhaled after normal respiration
  • Typically not measured with handheld spirometer
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43
Q

vital capacity

A
  • Total volume of air that can be forcefully expelled from lungs after maximum inhalation
  • Can be measured with handheld spirometer by inhaling completely and exhaling maximum amount into device
  • Normal Vital Capacity: use to compare your vital capacity with like individuals
  • Your vital capacity/normal vital capacity x 100 = % normal vital capacity
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44
Q

residual volume

A
  • Air left in lungs after max inhalation

- Norm: 1,00 mL

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45
Q

total lung capacity

A

all 4 volumes

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46
Q

flow and resistance

A

inversely proportional

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47
Q

aerobic

A
  • Moderate levels of exercise, longer duration (marathon)

- Incomplete depletion of oxygen

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48
Q

anaerobic

A
  • High intensity, short duration (sprinting)

- Depletion of oxygen (demand>availability)

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49
Q

FEV1/VC:

A
  • proportion of VC that an individual is able to expire in the first second of forced expiration to the full vital capacity
  • Norm: 65-75%
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50
Q

Obstruction

A
  • Airways narrowed increasing resistance
  • Ex: asthma, inflammation (bronchitis), excess mucous, COPD
  • Slower exhalation (increased resistance with increased velocity)
  • FEV1 lower than normal
51
Q

Restrictive

A
  • Scarring of lung tissue, cannot fully inhale (lungs are less elastic)
  • Emphysema, cystic fibrosis
  • Normal/high FEV1
52
Q

digestive tract

A
  • food tube
  • comes into contact with food
  • Esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine, etc
53
Q

Accessory organs

A
  • Necessary for absorption as well but do not come into direct contact with food
  • Liver, gallbladder, pancreas, etc
54
Q

layers of digestive tract

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

55
Q

mucosa

A

contains CT layer called lamina propria closest to lumen

56
Q

submucosa

A

mostly CT

57
Q

muscularis

A

– smooth muscle to propel material through tract

58
Q

serosa

A

visceral peritoneum

59
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

outer layer of peritoneum

60
Q

Esophagus

A

-Takes food from pharynx, through diaphragm, into stomach

-

61
Q

food entering esophagus

A

bolus

62
Q

contraction of esophagus

A

peristalsis

63
Q

as food travels through esophagus

A

goes from mostly skeletal to mostly smooth muscle

64
Q

lining of esophagus

A

adventitia

65
Q

canal of esophagus

A

lumen

66
Q

inferior aspect of esophagus

A

has esophageal sphincter to prevent reflux

67
Q

food once enters stomach

A

chyme

68
Q

stomach

A
  • on left side of abdominal cavity

- very low pH (very acidic)

69
Q

sphincter that prevents back flow in stomach

A

esophageal sphincter

70
Q

sphincter that prevents premature release of stomach contents in small intestine

A

pyloric sphincter

71
Q

stomach order

A

cardia
fundus
body
pyloric part

72
Q

small intestine

A

small in diameter, long (17 ft)

73
Q

movement in small intestine

A

peristalsis

74
Q

role of small intestine

A

absorb nutrients

75
Q

three parts of small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

76
Q

valve between small and large intestine

A

ileocecal valve (stops back flow into SI)

77
Q

teniae colie

A

band of longitudinal muscle (in large intestine)

78
Q

haustra

A

puckers/pouches in intestinal tract (in large intestine)

79
Q

omental appendages

A

fat lobules (in large intestine)

80
Q

salivary glands

A
  • secrete saliva into oral cavity
  • contains mucus to lubricate food
  • contains salivary amylase (digestive enzyme)
81
Q

three pairs of salivary glands

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

82
Q

function of large intestine

A
  • absorption of water

- formation of feces

83
Q

vermiform appendix

A

Near junction of small and large intestine

84
Q

liver function

A
  • produce digestive enzymes
  • movement of nutrients
  • produces blood plasma proteins
  • detoxifies material in body
  • produces bile
85
Q

liver 4 lobes

A

quadrate lobe
right lobe
caudate lobe
left lobe

86
Q

pancreas

A
  • Exocrine and endocrine functions

- Parts: tail, body, head

87
Q

enzyme/buffers move from

A

pancreas
pancreatic duct
duodenum

88
Q

gallbladder

A
  • Releases bile emptying into duodenum via common bile duct
  • Located just inferior to liver
  • bile storage
89
Q

purpose of rugae in stomach

A

allow stomach to expand

90
Q

bile pathway

A 
liver 
left and right hepatic ducts
-sphincter closes
common hepatic ducts
cystic duct
stored in gallbladder
91
Q

3 structures make up the nasal septum. What are they?

A
  • vomer
  • the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
  • the nasal cartilage
92
Q

Name the openings between the nasal cavity and the pharynx

A

internal nares

93
Q

What is the name of the structure that prevents fluid from entering the nasopharynx during swallowing?

A

uvula

94
Q

What is the name of the large cartilage of the anterior larynx?

A

thyroid cartilage

95
Q

Where is the tracheobronchial tree located?

A

lungs

96
Q

emphysema

A

destruction of alveoli in lungs, decreases surface area of lungs

97
Q

How does the decrease in vital capacity potentially influence a person’s athletic performance of aerobic condition as he or she ages?

A

vital capacity tends to gradually decrease with age because the elastic fibers in the lungs decrease also. This results in less elasticity and an increase of compliance if the lungs.

98
Q

What is the pressure difference between the external air and the pleural cavity when inhalation just begins?

A

intrapulmonary pressure drops 3mm/Hg below atmospheric pressure and air flows into lungs

99
Q

IRV=

A

VC-(ERV+TV)

100
Q

How does carbon dioxide change the acid-base condition of a solution when present in excess?

A

makes it more acidic by forming carbonic acid (H2CO3)

101
Q

lungs located in

A

pleural cavity

102
Q

part of the stomach closest to the small intestine

A

pyloric region

103
Q

cell type in the muscularis

A

smooth muscle

104
Q

location of villi

A

mucosa

105
Q

where are lacteals located in the digestive tract

A

mucosa of the small intestine

106
Q

what membrane holds the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity

A

lingual franulum

107
Q

what part of the tooth is found above the neck

A

the crown

108
Q

what is the layer of a tooth superficial to the dentin

A

enamel

109
Q

What are the names of the salivary glands located anterior to the ear

A

parotid glands

110
Q

Where is the lesser omentum found?

A

between the liver and stomach

111
Q

Name 2 functions of the pancreas

A
  • provides digestive enzymes for proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
  • secretes solution that buffers stomach acid
112
Q

the target heart rate zone for exercise is

A

60-80% for the maximum heart rate (MHR) for healthy adults… the maximum heart rate for an individual is his or her age subtracted from 220

113
Q

tongue is made of _____ tissue

A

skeletal

114
Q

4 types of papillae

A
  • foliate
  • fungiform
  • filiform
  • circumvallate
115
Q

Tongue has taste receptors for

A

taste buds

116
Q

A tooth consists of a

A

crown, neck, root

117
Q

crown

A

exposed part of tooth

118
Q

neck

A

constricted portion of the tooth

119
Q

root

A

embedded into the jaw

120
Q

innermost portion of the tooth consists of the

A

pulp cavity

121
Q

muscles around the wall of the oropharynx are the

A

pharyngeal constrictor muscles

122
Q

the space in the esophagus that the food passes through is called the

A

lumen

123
Q

in the stomach, what is partially digested food called

A

chyme

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